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ethics and deviance Flashcards

1
Q

definition of sportsmanship

A

behaviour and attitudes that show respect for the rules of a game and other players, graciousness in winning and losing

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2
Q

definition of gamesmanship

A

the use of dubious although not technically illegal methods to win or gain a serious advantage (bending the rules)

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3
Q

definition of deviance

A

behaviour which goes against the norms and values of a society/community. seriously breaking the rules

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4
Q

what is sledging?

A

the practice of using insulting, intimidating or provocative language or behaviour against an opponent to try and gain a competitive advantage

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5
Q

2 examples of deviant behaviour in sport

A

ball tampering in Australia cricket
Lance Armstrong doping in cycling

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6
Q

what is the difference between relative and serious deviance?

A

relative deviance is not acceptable in wider society but may be deemed acceptable in sub cultures or different societies. whereas serious deviance is seriously breaking the rules

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7
Q

what is ‘the sports ethic’?

A

a cluster of norms that many people in power and performance sports have accepted and reaffirmed as the dominant criteria for defining what it means in their social worlds. to be an athlete

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8
Q

what are the 4 aspects to ‘the sports ethic’?

A
  • making sacrifices for the game
  • striving for distinction
  • accepting risk and playing through pain
  • refusing to accept limits
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9
Q

explain ‘making sacrifices’ (2)

A
  • unwavering commitment, living up to expectations
  • sacrifices are made out of love for the game and not out of money
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10
Q

explain ‘striving for distinction’ (2)

A
  • constantly seeking improvement and perfection
  • winning symbolises improvement and establishes distinction
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11
Q

explain ‘accepting risk and playing through pain’ (3)

A
  • athletes do not give into the pressure, pain or fear
  • don’t back down from challenges
  • playing whilst injured
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12
Q

explain ‘refusing to accept limits’ (2)

A
  • an athlete does not accept a situation without trying to change it, overcome it or beat the odds
  • ignore external limits
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13
Q

what does Coakley 1992 suggest?

A

that there are 3 types of behaviour;
postive deviance
normal behaviour
negative deviance

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14
Q

what is meant by positive deviance?

A

actions are seen within the rules of the game and are simply in an attempt to win - their deviance is seen in a positive light. e.g. someone who played when injured

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15
Q

what is meant by negative deviance?

A

when a player or anyone involved behaves in a way that knowingly break the rules or ethics of the sport. e.g. using performance enhancing drugs

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16
Q

why is deviant behaviour on the increase? (3)

A
  • commercialisation
  • pressure
  • win at all costs
17
Q

what is the importance of fair play? (3)

A
  • set a good example for younger generation
  • uphold olympic values (respect; excellence; friendship)
  • level playing field for all competitors
18
Q

why is fair play in decline? (7)

A
  • win at all costs attitude
  • high stakes
  • fame and fortune are available
  • negative role models
  • media sensationalise negative behaviour
  • punishments are not severe enough
  • professional sport is cut throat (pressure from coaches, managers and other players)
19
Q

what might aggressive behaviour be caused by? (4)

A
  • frustration
  • social learning (imitating others)
  • social facilitation (learned behaviour)
  • innate
20
Q

what are the 2 types of aggression?
define them

A

hostile - goal is to cause harm or injury and usually driven by emotion
instrumental - to achieve something, a particular goal and is usually planned

21
Q

causes of violence in sport

A
  • importance of result
  • nature of the game
  • disappointment or frustration
  • crowd behaviour
  • emotional intensity
  • drugs
  • retaliation or challenge
  • pressure
  • poor officiating
22
Q

solutions to violence in sport

A
  • severe penalties
  • education
  • greater number if authorities
  • technology
  • rule changes
  • responsible media reporting
  • better qualified officials
23
Q

reasons for hooliganism amongst spectators

A
  • alcohol/drugs
  • racism
  • poor crowd control
  • results
  • controversial decisions
  • chanting and abuse from fans
  • violence of players being copied
  • pre match hype
  • violent criminals
24
Q

solutions to hooliganism amongst spectators

A
  • responsible media coverage
  • use of CCTV
  • tougher deterrents
  • separation of fans
  • control of alcohol
  • improve facilities - Taylor report
  • improved policing
25
Q

what are the effects of violence on individuals, sport and wider society?

A
  • brings sport into disrepute
  • negative role models for young children
  • fan violence leads to poor treatment of legitimate supporters
  • career ending tackles
  • huge cost
26
Q

what are the ways of doping within sport? (7)

A
  • stimulants
  • beta blockers
  • anabolic steroids
  • diuretics
  • narcotic analgesics
  • EPO
  • blood doping
27
Q

what are stimulants?

A

raise your heart rate and speed up reactions. they suppress pain and fatigue and the athlete feels alert and confident and can work for longer

28
Q

what are beta blockers?
what are they used for?

A

block the action of adrenaline and slow the heart rate and breathing
used to calm nerves before big events

29
Q

what are anabolic steroids?
how do athletes use them?

A

build and repair muscle and bone. athletes use them to increase the size and strength of muscles and help recover from training

30
Q

what are diuretics?
how do athletes use them?

A

increase the amount of water excreted in urine
athletes use them to lose weight quickly or to flush takes of banned substances from their body

31
Q

what are narcotic analgesics?

A

pain killers that hide the pain of an injury

32
Q

what is EPO?

A

naturally occurring hormone secreted by the kidneys whose function it is to regulate red blood cell production

33
Q

what the process of blood doping?
what does this do?

A

an athlete will withdraw blood a few weeks before an event. the red blood cells are frozen and just before the event they are thawed and injected back into the athlete
this increases the red blood cell count (oxygen) which enables them to work for longer

34
Q

why do performers take performance enhancing drugs?

A
  • pressure
  • win at all costs/desire to win
  • think everyone else are/ match competitors
  • rewards
  • recover quicker (injury)
  • lazy
  • believe they are a step ahead of testing and can pass them
35
Q

what are the implications of taking drugs to the athletes and the sport?

A
  • loss of sponsorship/earnings
  • against sporting regulations
  • unethical
  • dangerous to health
  • cheating
  • brings sport into disrepute
  • produces negative role models
36
Q

strategies to eliminate drug taking

A
  • urine and blood samples
  • random testing - improve procedures
  • punish coaches and governing bodies
  • punish those who missed tests
  • permanent bans/stricter punishment
  • improve education
  • biological passports - electronic record
37
Q

what is the case FOR performance enhancing drugs being legalised?

A
  • remove dangerous substances
  • allow people to take drugs in a controlled manner
  • allows a level playing field
  • create possibility that more records can be broken - greater enjoyment for spectators
38
Q

what is the case AGAINST performance enhancing drugs being legalised?

A
  • dangerous side effects
  • some people will never be willing to take drugs so there will never be a level playing field
  • illegal programmes would still exits
  • cost

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