Ethics

Question 1

What is attitudes?

Answer 1

Constant feelings

Made up of different beliefs

Positive or negative

Question 2

What is values?

Answer 2

Dynamic (constantly changing)

Discovered

Important - unimportant

Question 3

What is the three perspectives of ethics?

Answer 3

Non-consequentialism

Consequentialism

Virtue ethics

Question 4

What is non-consequentialism?

Answer 4

The motion of unconditional respect for persons and may involve doing what is right regardless of consequences.
An action is right if it is in accordance with a moral rule or principle.

Question 5

What is consequentialism?

Answer 5

The notion of good as a consequence of an action.
The end justifies the means.
An action is right if it promotes the best consequence.

Question 6

What else is part of consequentialism?

Answer 6

Utilitarianism

Question 7

What is utilitarianism?

Answer 7

The greatest good for the greatest number

Action aimed at future outcome

Not dependent on duty

Question 8

What is virtue?

Answer 8

A trait that disposes its possessor habitually to excellence of intent and performance.

Question 9

What is virtue ethics?

Answer 9

Is a fundamental moral concept that characterises a person’s readiness and ability to consciously and firmly follow good; a set of internal, mental and intellectual qualities that embody the human ideal in it moral perfection.

An action is right if, and only if, it is what a virtuous agent would do in the circumstances.

Question 10

What are the core ethical concepts?

Answer 10

Autonomy

Beneficence - best interests

Non-maleficience

Justice - rights

Question 11

What is autonomy?

Answer 11

Freedom from unwanted interference even if inference is for the good of the person.

Can make own decisions if they have capacity.

Question 12

What is beneficence?

Answer 12

Above all, do good

Work for the best interests of the patient

Contributes to welfare and wellbeing of others

Care
Compression
Empathy
Kindness

Question 13

What is included in the composite theory in terms of best interests of the patient?

Answer 13

Mental theory

Desire fulfilment

Objective list

Question 14

What is Mental theory in terms of best interests of the patient?

Answer 14

Happiness/pleasure - unhappiness/pain

Question 15

What is desire fulfilment in terms best interests of the patient?

Answer 15

Desires relating to life plan fulfilled

Question 16

What is objective list in terms best interests of the patient?

Answer 16

Some things good for well being, some things bad for well being - whether or not they are desired or cause happiness.

Question 17

What is non-maleficence?

Answer 17

Above all do no harm

Condemns any act which unjustly injures a person or causes them to suffer an otherwise avoidable harm

Question 18

What is justice?

Answer 18

Fairness
Benefits and burdens
Consider in context of limited resources - rationing

Question 19

What should a decision be?

Answer 19

Rational
Coherent (logical and reasoned)
Consistent

Question 20

What is bioethics?

Answer 20

It is hospital based issues

Question 21

What is bioethics also known as?

Answer 21

Medical ethics or clinical ethics

Question 22

What are some common bioethical issues? (6)

Answer 22

Disagreements between family and clinicians regarding the patient/resident’s best interest

Living at risk (eating, wandering, falling)

Deciding appropriate forms of care

Determining legitimate level of restraint

Determining patient preferences without clear instructions

Providing services that take up tremendous resource (eg. Multiple transplants)

Question 23

What is the Nureberg Code (1947)?

Answer 23

It is the 10 standards to which physicians must conform when carrying out experiments or acts of care to human subjects.

Question 24

What is the 10 standards of the Nuremburg Code (1947)?

Answer 24

Voluntary consent

Avoid suffering

Benefits outweighs costs

No intentional death or disability

Protection from harm

Subject free to withdraw

Qualified investigators/practitioners

Investigator/practitioner will stop if harm occurs

Question 25

What is normative ethics?

Answer 25

Formulation and defence of basic principles, values, virtues, and ideal governing moral behaviour

Question 26

What is descriptive ethics?

Answer 26

Factual descriptions of moral behaviour and belief systems

Question 27

What is an analytic approach? (3)

Answer 27

Discerning meanings of life, concepts of rights/justice/fairness, etc Balancing ethical principles Shift from the greatest good to individual rights

Question 28

When did bioethics become recognised?

Answer 28

In the 1960s in the US

Question 29

What is deontological ethics?

Answer 29

Morality of an action should be based on whether that action itself is right or wrong under a series of rules, rather than based in the consequences of the action.

Question 30

What is principlism?

Answer 30

It is an applied ethics approach to the examination of moral dilemmas that is based upon the application of certain ethical principles.

Question 31

What is the problem with deontology?

Answer 31

Always following rules of conduct can lead to negative consequences. Eg. Not fabricating a research result might mean admitting that your study found nothing that is interesting.

Question 32

What is the problem with consequentialism?

Answer 32

We don’t really know the consequences of our actions until we have carried them out.

Question 33

What is the problem with virtue theory?

Answer 33

It may fail to guide our actions, as there are no clear, golden rules that can be applied.

Question 34

What are the four principles of principlism?

Answer 34

Autonomy Beneficence Non-maleficence Justice

Question 35

What is anthropocentrism in environmental ethics?

Answer 35

The belief that human beings are the most important entity in the universe. It interprets or regards the world in terms of human values and experiences.

Question 36

What is pathocentrism in environmental ethics?

Answer 36

It regards the difference or similarities in the reaction to pain in humans and animals

Question 37

What is biocentrism in environmental ethics?

Answer 37

The view or belief that the rights and needs of humans are not more important that those of other living things

Question 38

What is ecocentrism in environmental ethics?

Answer 38

It is to denote a nature-centres, as appears to human-centres, system of values.

Question 39

What is bioterrorism?

Answer 39

It is the use of infectious agents or other harmful biological or biochemical substances as weapons of terrorism

Question 40

What is the current focus in bioethics? (6)

Answer 40

Genetics Brain imaging technologies Multiculturalism End-of-life care Aging Health-care resource allocation