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Communication And Professionalism > Ethics > Flashcards

Ethics Flashcards

1
Q

What is attitudes?

A

Constant feelings

Made up of different beliefs

Positive or negative

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2
Q

What is values?

A

Dynamic (constantly changing)

Discovered

Important - unimportant

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3
Q

What is the three perspectives of ethics?

A

Non-consequentialism

Consequentialism

Virtue ethics

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4
Q

What is non-consequentialism?

A

The motion of unconditional respect for persons and may involve doing what is right regardless of consequences.
An action is right if it is in accordance with a moral rule or principle.

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5
Q

What is consequentialism?

A

The notion of good as a consequence of an action.
The end justifies the means.
An action is right if it promotes the best consequence.

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6
Q

What else is part of consequentialism?

A

Utilitarianism

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7
Q

What is utilitarianism?

A

The greatest good for the greatest number

Action aimed at future outcome

Not dependent on duty

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8
Q

What is virtue?

A

A trait that disposes its possessor habitually to excellence of intent and performance.

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9
Q

What is virtue ethics?

A

Is a fundamental moral concept that characterises a person’s readiness and ability to consciously and firmly follow good; a set of internal, mental and intellectual qualities that embody the human ideal in it moral perfection.

An action is right if, and only if, it is what a virtuous agent would do in the circumstances.

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10
Q

What are the core ethical concepts?

A

Autonomy

Beneficence - best interests

Non-maleficience

Justice - rights

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11
Q

What is autonomy?

A

Freedom from unwanted interference even if inference is for the good of the person.

Can make own decisions if they have capacity.

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12
Q

What is beneficence?

A

Above all, do good

Work for the best interests of the patient

Contributes to welfare and wellbeing of others

Care
Compression
Empathy
Kindness

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13
Q

What is included in the composite theory in terms of best interests of the patient?

A

Mental theory

Desire fulfilment

Objective list

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14
Q

What is Mental theory in terms of best interests of the patient?

A

Happiness/pleasure - unhappiness/pain

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15
Q

What is desire fulfilment in terms best interests of the patient?

A

Desires relating to life plan fulfilled

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16
Q

What is objective list in terms best interests of the patient?

A

Some things good for well being, some things bad for well being - whether or not they are desired or cause happiness.

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17
Q

What is non-maleficence?

A

Above all do no harm

Condemns any act which unjustly injures a person or causes them to suffer an otherwise avoidable harm

18
Q

What is justice?

A

Fairness
Benefits and burdens
Consider in context of limited resources - rationing

19
Q

What should a decision be?

A

Rational
Coherent (logical and reasoned)
Consistent

20
Q

What is bioethics?

A

It is hospital based issues

21
Q

What is bioethics also known as?

A

Medical ethics or clinical ethics

22
Q

What are some common bioethical issues? (6)

A

Disagreements between family and clinicians regarding the patient/resident’s best interest

Living at risk (eating, wandering, falling)

Deciding appropriate forms of care

Determining legitimate level of restraint

Determining patient preferences without clear instructions

Providing services that take up tremendous resource (eg. Multiple transplants)

23
Q

What is the Nureberg Code (1947)?

A

It is the 10 standards to which physicians must conform when carrying out experiments or acts of care to human subjects.

24
Q

What is the 10 standards of the Nuremburg Code (1947)?

A

Voluntary consent

Avoid suffering

Benefits outweighs costs

No intentional death or disability

Protection from harm

Subject free to withdraw

Qualified investigators/practitioners

Investigator/practitioner will stop if harm occurs

25
Q

What is normative ethics?

A

Formulation and defence of basic principles, values, virtues, and ideal governing moral behaviour

26
Q

What is descriptive ethics?

A

Factual descriptions of moral behaviour and belief systems

27
Q

What is an analytic approach? (3)

A

Discerning meanings of life, concepts of rights/justice/fairness, etc

Balancing ethical principles

Shift from the greatest good to individual rights

28
Q

When did bioethics become recognised?

A

In the 1960s in the US

29
Q

What is deontological ethics?

A

Morality of an action should be based on whether that action itself is right or wrong under a series of rules, rather than based in the consequences of the action.

30
Q

What is principlism?

A

It is an applied ethics approach to the examination of moral dilemmas that is based upon the application of certain ethical principles.

31
Q

What is the problem with deontology?

A

Always following rules of conduct can lead to negative consequences.

Eg. Not fabricating a research result might mean admitting that your study found nothing that is interesting.

32
Q

What is the problem with consequentialism?

A

We don’t really know the consequences of our actions until we have carried them out.

33
Q

What is the problem with virtue theory?

A

It may fail to guide our actions, as there are no clear, golden rules that can be applied.

34
Q

What are the four principles of principlism?

A

Autonomy
Beneficence
Non-maleficence
Justice

35
Q

What is anthropocentrism in environmental ethics?

A

The belief that human beings are the most important entity in the universe. It interprets or regards the world in terms of human values and experiences.

36
Q

What is pathocentrism in environmental ethics?

A

It regards the difference or similarities in the reaction to pain in humans and animals

37
Q

What is biocentrism in environmental ethics?

A

The view or belief that the rights and needs of humans are not more important that those of other living things

38
Q

What is ecocentrism in environmental ethics?

A

It is to denote a nature-centres, as appears to human-centres, system of values.

39
Q

What is bioterrorism?

A

It is the use of infectious agents or other harmful biological or biochemical substances as weapons of terrorism

40
Q

What is the current focus in bioethics? (6)

A

Genetics

Brain imaging technologies

Multiculturalism

End-of-life care

Aging

Health-care resource allocation

Communication And Professionalism (9 decks)

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