Ethics Flashcards
Master
Classical Conditioning In Humans
Pavlov had identified a fundamental associative learning process called classical conditioning. Classical conditioning refers to learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) becomes associated with a stimulus (e.g., food) that naturally produces a behaviour.
Psychological distress (PD) is broadly defined as a state of emotional suffering characterized by symptoms of depression (e.g., loss of interest; unhappiness; desperateness) and anxiety (e.g., restlessness; feeling tense).
Little Albert Experiment By Watson et al.
Aim- Prove Classical Conditioning In Humans
Method- Repeated Measured Design
Procedure- The Sample Of The Study Was A Baby Boy Denoted As “Little Albert”, 1st Little Albert Was Shown Furry Animals & Objects Then The Researchers Observed His Reaction, Afterwards A Large Metal Rod Was Struck When Little Albert Was Shown These Same Animals & Objects When He Got Close To Them and Touched Them, This Would Create A Loud Noise, Then The Researchers Observed His Reaction
Results- In The Beginning, Little Albert Enjoyed The Presence Of The Furry Objects and Animals Presented To Him, But After They Struck The Metal Rod Whenever He Came Close To Objects or Animals He Would Start Crying and Run Away As Fast As He Could
Conclusion- Human Beings Could Be Classically Conditioned For Certain Behavioral Responses
Line Test
Deception is when a researcher gives false information to subjects or intentionally misleads them about some key aspect of the research.
Conformity is the tendency for an individual to align their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors with those of the people around them.
Asch Line Test Experiment by Asch
Aim- Test Conformity
Method- Repeated Measures Design
Procedure- The Participants Were Shown 2 Images (One on The Left/Right), The Image On The Left Had 1 Line and The Image On The Right Had 3 Lines Labeled A, B, C, The Objective Was To Choose The Line On The Right Which Had The Same Length As The Line on The Left Image, The 9 Confederates Were Instructed To Intentionally Answer Incorrectly To Test Whether The Participant Would Conform, There Were Trials Wherein The Answer Was Given Orally or Through Writing, Additionally There Was A Trial Wherein 1 of The 8 Confederates Would Answer Correctly To See If This Would Encourage The Participant To Trust In His Own Answer and Not Conform To The Group
Results- In Trials Where The Answer Was Given Through Writing, Participants Answered Correctly 99% Of The Time, In Trials Wherein Answers Were Given Orally, Participants Conformed To The Group 33% Of The Time, Lastly In Trials Wherein 1 Confederate Answered Correctly, The Participant Was More Likely To Trust In Himself & Not Conform
Conclusion- Peer Pressure May Influence Our Behaviors, Thus Causing Us To Conform
