Ethics

Question 1

What is fraud?

Answer 1

Any intentional act or omission designed to DECEIVE others, resulting in a loss for the victim or a gain for the perpetrator

Question 2

What are the 4 types of fraud?

Answer 2

1. Financial reporting fraud
2. Non-financial reporting fraud
3. Misappropriation of assets
4. Other illegal or corrupt acts

Question 3

What is the fraud triangle?

Answer 3

Outlines the 3 conditions that lead to fraud:

RATIONALISATION - justifying dishonest actions - how do you sleep at night after committing a crime?

PRESSURE - motivation or incentive to commit fraud - why do you want to commit fraud?

OPPORTUNITY - the knowledge and ability to carry out fraud - what power or resources do you have access to?

Question 4

What is an ethical theory?

Answer 4

A framework used to analyse an issue and determine if it is right or wrong

Question 5

What are the two ethical theories?

Answer 5

Consequence based (Utilitarianism) - consider the consequence and do what brings about the greatest happiness/outcome for the greatest number

Duty based (Deontological) - disregard the consequences and only follow the principles of right and wrong/legal or not legal —> the world would be worse off if everyone did it

Question 6

What is the fairness approach (subset of consequence based)?

Answer 6

Treats all people equally, or if unequally, then fairly, based on some defensible standard

Eg if you work harder you should get paid more

Question 7

What is the rights approach (subset of action-based)?

Answer 7

Where an ethical action is one that best protects and respects the moral rights of the affected parties

Question 8

What is the common good approach (sub-set of consequence based)?

Answer 8

Something is ethical when common conditions

Question 9

What is the ethical decision making framework?

Answer 9

1. Recognise an ethical issue
2. Gather information
3. Evaluate alternative information
4. Make a decision and test it
5. Act and reflect on outcomes

Question 10

What are four ethical issues in IT?

Answer 10

1.

Question 11

What is the PAPA model of privacy for IT?

Answer 11

Assesses the severity of a privacy violation case

Privacy - collect, store and disseminate information about individuals

Accuracy - who is responsible for the authenticity, fidelity, and correctness of information

Property

Accessibility

Question 12

What are the limitations of utilitarianism?

Answer 12

Tends to favour quantifiable variables over non-quantifiable variables

Measuring consequences is a subjective process

Question 13

How do you evaluate alternatives in ethical decision making?

Answer 13

Determine action or consequence as your underpinning theory

Which produces most good (utilitarianism)?

Which respects rights?

Which one treats people fairly (fair)?

Question 14

What is cyber crime and privacy?

Question 15

PAPA Model - Privacy
Key questions to ask

Answer 15

What information about oneself should an individual be required to reveal to others?

What types of personal information can people keep to themselves and not be forced to reveal to others?

What information about individuals should be kept in databases, and how secure is the information there?

What kind of surveillance can an employer use on its employees?

Question 16

PAPA Model - Accuracy
Key questions to ask

Answer 16

Who is responsible for the authenticity, fidelity, and accuracy of the information collected?

How can we ensure that the information will be processed properly and presented accurately to users?

How can we ensure that errors in databases, data transmissions, and data processing are accidental and not intentional?

Who is to be held accountable for errors in information, and how should the injured parties be compensated?

Question 17

PAPA Property
Key questions to ask

Answer 17

Who owns the information?

What are the just and fair prices for its exchange?

How should we handle software piracy?

Under what circumstances can one use proprietary databases?

Can corporate computers be used for private purposes?

How should experts who contribute their knowledge to create expert systems be compensated?

How should access to information channels be allocated?

Question 18

PAPA Accessibility
Key questions to ask

Answer 18

Who is allowed to access information?

How much should companies charge for permitting access to information?

How can access to computers be provided for employees with disabilities?

Who will be provided with equipment needed for accessing information?

What information does a person or organisation have a right to access, under what conditions, and with what safeguards?

Question 19

What controls can be put in place to protect private information?

Answer 19

Encryption - transforming normal text in to gibberish (unreadable) - changing the format of the information

Virtual - private communication channels (ie tunnels) which are only accessible to parties possessing appropriate encryption and decryption keys - changing the way information is transferred

Question 20

What are the 3 types of encryption

Answer 20

Symmetric
- one key used to both encrypt and description

Asymmetric
- one key to encrypt
- one key to decrypt

Hybrid
- mix of both

Encryption examples
- digital signature

Question 21

Do individuals have the right to edit, review, access, correct, or delete information held by an organisation?

Answer 21

Yes they do have the right by law