Ethics

Question 1

Integrity

Answer 1

The commitment to honest reporting of all information and results, whether favourable or unfavourable that allows scrutiny and contributes to public knowledge and understanding.

Question 2

Justice

Answer 2

The moral obligation to ensure that there is fair (unbiased) consideration of competing claims; and that there is fair (equal) access to the benefits to all parties.

Question 3

Beneficence

Answer 3

The commitment to maximising benefits for other stakeholders (patients, customers, others who would gain from innovation) and minimise the risks and harms involved in taking a particular position of course of action.

Question 4

Non-maleficence

Answer 4

Involves avoiding harm (physical, emotional, social or economic) . The concept of non-maleficence implies that the harm resulting from any position or course of action.

Question 5

Respect

Answer 5

Commitment to consideration of others. It involves consideration of the extent to which living things have an intrinsic or instrumental value, giving due regard to welfare and beliefs.

Question 6

Consequences-based approach

Answer 6

Places importance on the consideration of the consequences of an action (the ends), with the aim to maximise positive outcomes and minimise negative effects.

Question 7

Duty or rule based apporach

Answer 7

Focuses on how people act (the means). It places importance on the idea that people have a duty to act in a particular way and that certain ethical rules must be followed, regardless of the consequences that may be produced.

Question 8

Virtues based approach

Answer 8

Is person-rather than action-based. Consideration is given to the virtue or moral character of the person carrying out the action, providing guidance about the characteristics and behaviours a good person would seek to achieve to then be able to act in the right way. e.g Honesty and Compassion.