Ethical Issues

Question 1

ethics

Answer 1

moral principles that govern a person’s behaviour or how they conduct an activity

Question 2

ethical issues

Answer 2

issues that arise when there is a conflict between a participant’s rights and the intended aims of the study

Question 3

informed consent

Answer 3

inform Ps of aims and procedues of the research, their rights, including right to wihdraw, and what their data will be used for so can make an informed decision to partake

Question 4

downside of Ps giving full informed consent

Answer 4

may make study meaningless as behaviour not natural as know aims so may lead to demand characteristics

Question 5

what is the most ideal way of obtaining informed consent?

Answer 5

Ps must formally indicate written agreement to take part, based on comprehensive information about the nature and purpose of study and their role in it

Question 6

what is prior general consent?

Answer 6

potential Ps told they may be deceived about the study’s purpose and those who agree to partake are selected for the sample

Question 7

what is retrospective consent?

Answer 7

consent to use previously obtained data is given after the study

Question 8

what is presumptive consent?

Answer 8

a seperate sample to the actual sample, from the the same target population is give the research design and told there will be dcepption - if they would consent, it is presumed the actual sample would consent also

Question 9

what is deception?

Answer 9

deliberately misleading or witholding info from Ps at any point

Question 10

when might deception be justified?

Answer 10

if it doesn’t cause extreme distress

Question 11

what is the most ideal way of dealing with deception?

Answer 11

an ethics committee should approve the use of deception by weiging up the benefits againsst the costs

Question 12

what is involved in a full brief and debrief?

Answer 12

• in brief, Ps warned of possible events and deception and told of their right to withdraw at any point in the study
• in debrief, research purposes, findings, previously witheld info and Ps role once stud over, is disclosed to Ps after the study and the opportunity to withdraw their data is given

Question 13

how is role-playing used to avoid deception?

Answer 13

tell general nature of study to Ps and as to role-play an experimental pprocedure as naive Ps

Question 14

disadvantage of role-playing?

Answer 14

usually roduce different findings from studies where true purpose is concealed

Question 15

right of privacy

Answer 15

right to control personal information

Question 16

what must be done if privacy is invaded?

Answer 16

confidentiality must be maintained

Question 17

how is privacy and confidentiality maintained?

Answer 17

1. location of study unamed in reports
2. Ps should not be identifiable in published data
3. anonymity must be maintained by not recording personal details if possible and if held must be protected

Question 18

protection from harm

Answer 18

as a result of participation, Ps should be at no greater risk than in everyday life

Question 19

what harm must Ps be protected from?

Answer 19

physical and psychological harm

Question 20

what is psychological harm?

Answer 20

embarrassment, feeling inadequate, undue stress or pressure

Question 21

4 ways protection from harm shuold be maintained

Answer 21

1. inform Ps at start of study and throughout of their right to withdraw at any point in the study, and allow them to do so
2. reassure their behaviour is normal
3. stop the study if harm is caused
4. if Ps subject to stress or embarrassment and needs counselling, it should be provided by the researcher