Ethanol and Methanol Flashcards Flashcards by Molly Griffith

What is the drug class of ethanol?

CNS depressant

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What is the mechanism of action of ethanol?

General suppressant effct on most cells. Can inhibit excitatory (glutaminergic pathways) or activate inhibitory (GABAergic) pathways

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What does GABA stand for?

Gamma Amino Butyric Acid

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How does ethanol cause a mild diuretic effect?

Inhibition of ADH secretion

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From where is ethanol absorbed?

The small intestine (less so from intestine)

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What is carbonation’s effect on ethanol absorption?

Increases rate of gastric emptying so more rapid absorption.

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What does alcohol dehydrogenase do?

Converts ethanol to acetaldehyde

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What does acetaldehyde dehydrogenase do?

Converts acetaldehyde to acetyl CoA

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What builds up in the body when ethanol is metabolized?

NADH (from alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase)

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What drug is given to discourage patients from drinking? (makes them feel ill when they drink alcohol?)

Disulfiram

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What is disulfiram’s mechanism of action?

Inhibits acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase leading to an increase in acetaldehyde causing headache, severe nausea, and convulsions

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What is a drug that can reduce ethanol craving during withdrawal?

Acamprosate - somehow alters GABA activity

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What drug is given to inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase?

Fomepizol

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What is the mechanism of action of inhaled general anesthetics?

Potentiation of inhibitory GABAergic neurons or blockade of glutamate (excitatory) neurons

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How does lipid solubility affect potency of general anesthetics?

The higher the lipid solubility the more potent the general anesthetic

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What is MAC?

Minimal alveolar concentration (ED50 of inhaled general anesthetics) The lower the MAC the more potent the drug

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What effect does the Blood/Gas coefficient of an inhaled general anesthetic have?

High B/G coefficient = slower onset (need a lot more in blood before it becomes saturate enough to act)

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What are the anesthetic effects of NO?

Good analgesic (pain killer), no amnesia

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What are the halogenated hydrocarbons?

(FLURANEs) isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane

What is a side effect of the halogenated hydrocarbons?

Malignant hyperthermia

What is used to treat malignant hyperthermia from halogenated hydrocarbons?

Dantrolene

What are the intravenous general anesthetics?

Thiopental, propofol, etomidate (Barbiturates), midazolam

What is the mechanism of action of Thiopental?

Activates GABAergic pathway (rapid induction/recovery)

What is the mechanism of action of Propofol?

Activates GABA pathway

What is the mechanism of Ketamine?

Analog of phencyclidine. Binds to and activates a receptor which then blocks glutamate activity.

What is the mechanism of action of Etomidate?

Activates GABA receptors

What is the mechanism of action of Midazolam?

Activates GABAnergic neurons

To what drug class does thiopental belong?

Barbiturates I.V. general anesthetic

To what drug class does propofol belong?

Barbiturates I.V. general anesthetic

To what drug class does Ketamine belong?

Barbiturates I.V. general anesthetic

What is the structure of the local anesthetics?

Aromatic site connected by either an ester or amide linkage to an amino site

What are the local anesthetics that are linked by an ester?

Cocaine, benzocaine, procaine, benoximate and proparacaine (BBC PP)

What are the local anesthetics that are linked by an amide?

Lidocaine, articaine, mepivacaine, bupivacain, prilocaine, ropivacaine, etidocaine (P-MARBLE)

What is the mechanism of action of the local anesthetics?

They are weak bases which act on the Na+ channels of excitable tissue. Decrease neuronal conduction, repolarization rate, and increase refractory period

What kind of neurons are affected by local anesthetics?

More rapidly firing neurons are more sensitive, smaller fibers are more sensitive, myelinated fibers are more sensitive; pain>cold>warmth>touch>motor neurons

Do ester linked or amide linked local anesthetics have a longer duration?

Amide linkage last longer (metabolized in liver by P450) than ester bonded (hydrolyzed by a circulating plasma cholinesterase)

What are the side effects of the local anesthetics?

Blurred vision, tinnitus (ringing of ears), convulsions, comas, death, arrhythmias, tachycardia, allergic reactions

What is tetrodotoxin?

Found in liver and ovaries of pufferfish - irreversibly block Na+ channels causing repiratory paralysis and death

What is saxitoxin?

Found in shellfish "red tide" - cause respiratory paralysis and death

To what drug class does baclofen belong?

Neuronal treatment of spasticity

What is the mechanism of action of baclofen?

GABA agonist

What does diazepam and other benzodiazepines do? (mechanism of action)

Activate GABA receptors - used to treat spasticity

What is tizanidine used for?

Neuronal treatment of spasticity

What is the mechanism of action of tizanidine?

Alpha2 agonist

What drug is used to treat spasticity on the muscular level?

Dantrolene (orally administered)

What is the mechanism of action of dantrolene?

Inhibits stimulus induced release of Ca2+ from muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum