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Biochemistry-Exam 2 > ETC > Flashcards

ETC Flashcards

0
Q

T or F: ETC can only occur in cells with mitochondria

A

T

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1
Q

Name the 4 complexes

A

Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase), Complex II (Succinate Dehydrogenase), Complex III (Ubiquinone-Cytochrome C oxidoreductae), Complex IV (Cytochrome oxidase)

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2
Q

Which membrane of the mitochondria is more permeable?

A

Outer membrane. Inner membrane is much more tightly regulated

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3
Q

Where does NADH feed into the ETC?

A

Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase)

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4
Q

Where does FADH2 feed into the ETC?

A

Complex II (Succinate dehydrogenase)

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5
Q

Trace an electron from NADH2 through the ETC

A

Complex I to Complex III via Ubiquinone to Cytochrome C to Complex IV, to Oxygen

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6
Q

What is the redox potential? how does it relate to ETC?

A

The more negative the redox potential the greater the tendency to lose electrons

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7
Q

What is the redox potential of Complex I? Complex IV?

A

-0.32, +0.82

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8
Q

NADH donates electrons to Complex I via?

A

FMN to FMNH2 (sulfur center to accept the Hydride and proton from NADH)

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9
Q

NADH donates electrons via? FADH2 donates electrons via?

A

Hydride ion and proton, 2 hydrogens

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10
Q

FADH2 donates electrons via complex II how?

A

Directly to CoQ

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11
Q

FMNH2 is located where and how is it formed? Donates to what?

A

From NADH2 in the Complex I. Donates to CoQ

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12
Q

CoQ is reduced to?

A

CoQH2

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13
Q

What happens to CoQH2?

A

Donates to Iron in Complex III (cytochrome bc1)

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14
Q

T or F: There are pathways for FADH2 to feed into CoQ without using Complex II

A

T

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15
Q

Complex III accepts electrons from CoQH2 by?

A

Reducing Fe+3 to Fe+2

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16
Q

Complex III donates to…?

A

Cytochrome C via the reduction of Fe+3 to Fe+2

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17
Q

Cyto c donates to?

A

Complex IV via iron

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18
Q

Complex IV donates to?

A

Oxygen (half mole of diatomic oxygen)

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19
Q

Complexes I, III, and IV do what?

A

Using electron donated pump hydrogen from matrix to intermembrane space

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20
Q

Which is more acidic: Matrix or intermembrane space?

A

Intermembrane space

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21
Q

What is Complex V also known as?

A

ATP synthase

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22
Q

What is the function of Complex V?

A

Allows protons to move from IM to MM and in doing so oxidatively phosphorylates ADP and P into ATP.

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23
Q

How does ATP/ADP transport across inner membrane of mitochondria?

A

ATP/ADP co-transport that allows ATP into the IM from MM and ADP from the IM into the MM

24
Q

What are the two domains of ATP synthase?

A

F0 and F1

25
Q

Amytal rotenone blocks what step of ETC?

A

Sucicinate Dehydrogenase (electrons to CoQ)

26
Q

Antimycin A blocks what in the ETC?

A

Cyto bc1 exchange with Cyto c

27
Q

Cyanide, carbon monoxide, and sodium azide block what?

A

The transfer of electrons from Complex IV to Oxygen

28
Q

What are uncoupling proteins?

A

Proteins that create proton leaks allowing protons to move from MM to IM without capturing energy as ATP

29
Q

What is the function of Glycerol phosphate shuttle?

A

DHAP is made into Glycerol 3-phosphate via oxidation of NADH. Glycerol 3-phosphate moves from cytosol to IM. Glycerol 3-phosphate can then reduce FAD to FADH2 which then can donate directly to CoQ

30
Q

Glycerol Phosphate shuttle: What is DHAP made into in the cytosol? How?

A

DHAP to Glycerol 3-phosphate via Cystolic glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and consuming NADH and H+

31
Q

Glycerol Phosphate Shuttle: In the IM what is glycerol 3-phosphate made into?

A

DHAP vis Mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and making FADH2

32
Q

T or F: The Glycerol Phosphate shuttle effectively costs 1 ATP from intermediates

A

T

33
Q

What is the function of Malate aspartate shuttle?

A

Transport NADH equivalents across the membrane

34
Q

MA shuttle: Oxaloacetate is made into?

A

Malate via cytosolic malate dehydrogenase consuming a NADH and H+

35
Q

MA Shuttle: What happens to cytosolic malate?

A

Crosses into MM, and is made into oxaloacetate producing NADH and H+ via mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase

36
Q

Glycerol phosphate shuttled products feed into where in the ETC?

A

CoQ stage

37
Q

Malate aspartate shuttled products feed into where in the ETC?

A

Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase)

38
Q

What happens to oxaloacetate in the MM for MA shuttle?

A

Combines with glutamate and via amino-transferase is made into either aspartate or alpha ketoglutarate

39
Q

What is transported back into the cytosol from the matrix in MA shuttle?

A

Aspartate and Alpha-ketoglutarate which then via amino-transferase is made back into glutamate and oxaloacetate

40
Q

T or F: In the MA shuttle, glutamate is transported from the cytosol into the MM

A

T; combines with oxaloacetate to get back across into cytosol

41
Q

NADH at complex I gives how many ATP?

A

3

42
Q

NADH that is transported via the GP shuttle gives us how many ATP?

A

2

43
Q

Each FADH2 gives us how many ATP?

A

2

44
Q

What is the general function of shuttle processes?

A

Shuttle reducing equivalents from NADH generated in glycolysis from the cytosol to the mitochondria

45
Q

How much more ATP is generated from glycolysis products if MA is used instead of GP shuttle?

A

2 ATP

46
Q

How many ATP are formed via the complete oxidation of one Acetyl-CoA?

A

12 ATP

47
Q

What are three types of ROS

A

Hydroxyl radical, superoxide, and hydrogen peroxide

48
Q

What is the function of superoxide dismutase?

A

Takes 2 superoxides to Hydrogen peroxide

49
Q

What is the function of catalase?

A

Breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

50
Q

What happens to hydrogen peroxide in the presence of iron?

A

Made into hydroxyl radical

51
Q

How is hydrogen peroxide made into JUST water?

A

Glutathione peroxidase

52
Q

Describe the cycle of glutathione peroxidase/reductase

A

H2O2 to Water by glutathione peroxidase takes 2GSH to GSSG. GSSG is reduced to 2 GSH by glutathione reductase producing NADP+ from NADPH+

53
Q

Describe the structure of G-SH

A

Glutamate attached to cysteine attached to glycerine

54
Q

What makes NADPH for the glutathione pathway of H2O2 destruction?

A

Pentose phosphate pathway

55
Q

GSSG is _______ to 2G-SH by _______

A

reduced; Glutathione reductase

56
Q

2 G-SH is _______ to G-S-S-G by _______

A

oxidized; Glutatione peroxidase

57
Q

Which step int he glutathione process degrades H2O2?

A

Oxidizing of 2 G-SH to G-S-S-G by Glutathione peroxidase

58
Q

Glutathione reductase is accompanied by what rx?

A

NADPH + H to NADP+

Biochemistry-Exam 2 (14 decks)

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