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Biochemistry-Exam 2 > CHO > Flashcards

CHO Flashcards

0
Q

What is the role of glucagon in the liver?

A

To stimulate gluconeogeneis

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1
Q

What is the role of insulin in the liver?

A

To stimulate glycolysis

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2
Q

The reaction catalyzed by PFK-1 is what important step in the glycolytic pathway?

A

The rate-limiting reaction

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3
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The ability to harness energy from various sources and channel it into biological work

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4
Q

What are triglycerides converted to in the blood?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

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5
Q

T or F: Most of the carbons of glucose, fatty acids, glycerol, and AA from food are ultimately converted to Acetyl CoA

A

T

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6
Q

Polydipsia is?

A

Extreme thirst

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7
Q

What is ketoacidosis?

A

Excess levels of ketones in the blood

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8
Q

Diabetes type 1 is?

A

No insulin in blood due to pancreas stopping making it

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9
Q

What is the universal currency of free energy in biological systems?

A

ATP

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10
Q

Why is energy released in the hydrolysis of ATP?

A

Energy is released byecause the charge repulsion, resonance and hydration effects make cleaved ATP->ADP is really energetically favorable. ATP is really willing to lose Phosphate group

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11
Q

T or F: The Ribose on ATP is deoxygenated

A

F (ribose)

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12
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Breaking down of things

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13
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Building up of things

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14
Q

Which is more energetic: Glucose 6 phosphate or Glycerol 3 phosphate?

A

Glucose-6-phosphate

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15
Q

List these in order from high energy to low: Phosphoenolpyruvate, 1,3-BPG, Phosphocreatine

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate, 1,3-BPG, Phosphocreatine

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16
Q

What shifts the equilibrium of coupled reactions energetically?

A

ATP hydrolysis

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17
Q

What is the approximate release of free energy for the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP?

A

7.3 kcal per mole

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18
Q

Electron donating molecules are also known as?

A

Reducing agents (it itself gets oxidized)

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19
Q

Electron accepting molecules are also known as?

A

Oxidizing agent (it itself is reduced)

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20
Q

What are the three ways electrons are transferred biologically?

A

Directly as an electron, in the form of an H atom (two of them), in form of a hydride ion (along with a proton)

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21
Q

Biological oxidation of carbon atoms are also known as?

A

Dehydrogenation

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22
Q

Describe NAD and FAD in terms of redox

A

NAD to NADH is promiscuous and very water soluble, transient. Found in B3 (niacin). FAD to FADH2 is usually tightly bound and associated with enzymes in a long lasting way.

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23
Q

What is pellegra?

A

Niacin deficiency (NAD def.) 4 D’s: dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, and sometimes death

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24
Q

What is a futile process?

A

A reaction that uses the product it creates

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25
Q

What are the three general ways metabolic pathways are regulated?

A

Amounts of enzyme, catalytic activity (feeback inhibition / allosteric / hormonal), and accessibility of substrate

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26
Q

What is rate-limiting and how does it relate to enzymes?

A

Like highways, dependent on the step before it, reaction is only as fast as slowest step.

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27
Q

Where does fatty acid synthesis happen?

A

Liver, fat cells

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28
Q

Where does gluconeogenisis occue?

A

Liver kidney

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29
Q

Where does heme synth happen?

A

Bone marrow

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30
Q

The HMP shunt occurs where?

A

Liver, fat, adrenal cortex, mammary gland

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31
Q

AA synthesis and breakdown occurs where?

A

Liver

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32
Q

Urea synthesis happens where?

A

Liver

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33
Q

Cholesterol synthesis happens where?

A

Liver

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34
Q

Steroid hormone synthesis occurs where?

A

Adrenal cortex, gonads

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35
Q

T or F: Protein synthesis occurs in mature RBC

A

F

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36
Q

T or F: Krebs and ETC occur in mature RBC

A

F

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37
Q

What is hormonal regulation?

A

Chemical messengers are released from one tissue and affects processes in another tissue

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38
Q

What is a keto group?

A

C-C=O

C-

39
Q

What is an aldehyde group?

A

H-C=O

C-

40
Q

What is a carbohydrate?

A

Contain an aldehyde or ketone group and a number of hydroxyl groups

41
Q

Generic names for 3 carbon to 7 carbon sugars

A

Triose, Tetrose, Pentose, Hexose, Heptose

42
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Same chemical formula with different structure

43
Q

What is an enantiomer?

A

Mirror image isomers

44
Q

What is the most common form of glucose?

A

D-glucose also called dextrose

45
Q

How do we determine enantiomer type (D or L) for a sugar?

A

Furthest chiral carbon from the ketone or aldehyde group and if hydroxyl is on left it is L and on right it is D (Lewis structure)

46
Q

T or F: Glucose and Fructose are isomers

A

T

47
Q

What is an epimer?

A

Only difference is that the position of a hydroxyl group around asymmetric carbon (chiral)

48
Q

T or F: Glucose and Galactose are epimers

A

T

49
Q

T or F: Glucose and Mannose are epimers

A

T

50
Q

T or F: Fructose is a ketose

A

T

51
Q

What is a reducing sugar?

A

When an oxygen on an anomeric carbon is not attached to another structure, it can react with other reagents to become oxidized up to carboxylic acid

52
Q

How do we number carbons in a sugar?

A

Carbon one is the top carbon in a linear projection, it is the first carbon clockwise from the O group in the ring

53
Q

What is the anomeric carbon?

A

The carbon at which the directionality of the hydroxyl group changes the configuration of the ring (usually on the C1 and active reducing carbon)

54
Q

What is alpha and beta in relation to the anomeric carbon?

A

Alpha is when the OH is below the ring, Beta is when the OH is above the ring

55
Q

What type of bonds make carbohydrate chains?

A

Gylcosidic bonds

56
Q

What is a gylcosidic bond?

A

Hydroxyl group on anomeric carbon of monosaccaharide reacts with hydroxyl or amino group of another compound.

57
Q

What are the two types of glycosidic bonds?

A

O and N

58
Q

What is a sugar alcohol?

A

Lacks an aldehyde or ketone

59
Q

What is a sugar acid?

A

The aldehyde at C1 or OH at C6 is oxidized to a carboxylic acid

60
Q

What is an amino sugar?

A

An amino group substitutes for a hydroxyl. The amino group may be acetylated.

61
Q

What do plants store polysaccharides as?

A

Amylose or amylopectin

62
Q

Glucose in starch and glycogen are stored with what linkages?

A

Alpha linkages (1,4 and 1,6)

63
Q

Amylose has what type of links only?

A

Alpha 1,4 bonds only

64
Q

Cellulose has what type of bonds?

A

Beta 1,4 bonds, cannot be digested

65
Q

Alpha-amylase breaks what type of bonds?

A

Alpha 1,4 glucosidase

66
Q

The pre-form of an enzyme is called a?

A

Zymogen

67
Q

Where are 1,6 alpha bonds broken?

A

In the gut by isomaltase, glucoamylase, lactase, sucrase and so on

68
Q

What are the two types of simple diffusion?

A

Direct across membrane or with a channel protein

69
Q

What is faciliated diffusion?

A

Co-transport or the like where proteins help to passively move across boundary of cell

70
Q

Active transport requires?

A

ATP to move against gradient

71
Q

T or F: CHOs are moved across the intestinal epithelium

A

T

72
Q

T or F: Glucose is more concentrated in the cell than it is in the lumen

A

T

73
Q

Describe the process of moving CHOs (glucose) into a cell and out into the extracellular fluid

A

Glucose is co-transported into cell with Sodium (Sodium is moving from high to low and glucose is moving from low to high). Sodium-potassium ATPase then moves Na back out and allows K into the cell. Glucose can then be transported into EC space

74
Q

What protein is used in secondary transport of glucose into cells?

A

SGLT1 (sodium glucose transporter 1)

75
Q

T or F: Fructose is more concentrated in the lumen than in cells

A

T (just follows gradient into cells)

76
Q

Glut 1 is?

A

In most cells

77
Q

Glut 2 transports?

A

Galactose, glucose, and fructose with a low affinity but high capacity

78
Q

T or F: Glut 2 is a high affinity low capacity tranporter

A

F, it is low affinity and high capacity

79
Q

What is the primary function of Glut 2?

A

Maintain glucose homeostasis and blood sugar levels

80
Q

Glut 3 is?

A

High affinity and basal transporter for sugar. Highly concentrated in neurons

81
Q

T or F: Fructose uses SGLT1

A

False, Fructose uses Glut 5 exclusively

82
Q

What glut transporter is insulin dependent? Where is it commonly found?

A

Glut 4, muscle and adipose

83
Q

What is Glut 5?

A

High affinity for fructose

84
Q

What type of polysac is amylose? glycogen?

A

Linear, branched

85
Q

T or F: Polysacs are broken down into monosaccharides before being absorbed

A

T

86
Q

What is lactose intolerance? How is it gained?

A

Hereditary, acquired (insult epithelial cells and temporarily lose ability to digest). Results in bacteria digesting it leading to H2, Lactic acid, Co2, and acetic acid being made leading to bloating, diarrhea and dehydration

87
Q

How is lactose intolerance tested

A

Give controlled amount and measure plasma glucose and galactose levels over time. No spike = no lactase = lactose intolerant

88
Q

Monosaccharide transport is dependent on what enzyme?

A

Na/K ATPase

89
Q

Where does glycolysis tend to happen?

A

Cytosol, but in cells without mitochondria. Exclusively occurs in brain.

90
Q

What are the two different enzymes responsible for taking glucose to glucose-6-P?

A

Hexokinase and Glucokinase

91
Q

Where is hexokinase located?

A

Most cells

92
Q

Where is glucokinase found?

A

Liver and beta cells

93
Q

Which has a higher affinity for glucose: hexokinase or glucokinase?

A

Hexokinase

94
Q

What has a higher Vm: hexokinase or glucokinase

A

Glucokinase

95
Q

Compare and contract properties of glucokinase and hexokinase

A

Hexokinase has high affinity but low max velocity. Glucokinase has low affinity but high max velocity. Basically glucokinase only really works in very high glucose concentrations

96
Q

What are the three effects of phosphorylating in phys setting?

A

Net negative charge taps the molecule in cells, Conserves energy in that it is stored in the P bond, marks the molecules for further metabolism (committed to pathway)

Biochemistry-Exam 2 (14 decks)

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