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ANT370 > Estimating Ancestry > Flashcards

Estimating Ancestry Flashcards

1
Q

What is the biological profile?

A

an estimate of demographic information including ancestry, sex, age, and stature

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2
Q

What is the main duty of a forensic anthropologist?

A

establishing the biological profile

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3
Q

TRUE or FALSE: there are patterns that exist based on sex, stature, ancestry, and age

A

TRUE

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4
Q

Biological Race

A

distinct groups supposedly determined by observed physical features and used to legitimize and maintain inequality

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5
Q

Ancestry

A

your line of descent (genes & ancestors); typically contextualized using national, ethnic, and/or racial labels

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6
Q

TRUE or FALSE: there are pure ethnic groups, races, and ancestral groups

A

FALSE

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7
Q

There ___ and ___ some degree of gene flow.

A

is; has always been

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8
Q

Groups and group identity ___.

A

change over time

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9
Q

TRUE or FALSE: biological races do not exist and are not supported by science

A

TRUE

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10
Q

TRUE or FALSE: racial determinism does exist and is supported by science

A

FALSE

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11
Q

Racial Determinism

A

race determines other characteristics about a person

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12
Q

Racism

A

a prejudice against someone based on race, when those prejudices are reinforced by systems of power

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13
Q

Typology

A

an approach of studying nature by classifying different phenomena and organisms into general types

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14
Q

Impact of Carl Linnaeus

A

created the organism classification system we use today

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14
Q

Impact of Samuel Morton

A

tried and failed at using cranial measurements to prove human races were distinct, unrelated groups

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14
Q

Impact of Franz Boas

A

published “Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants”; meant to inform immigration policy but discovered that the skull changed a lot between generations

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14
Q

Impact of Earnest Hooton

A

known for his research into criminal anthropology and the eugenics movement

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15
Q

Eugenics

A

trying to breed better humans; most popular in the early 1900s

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15
Q

TRUE or FALSE: research in forensic anthropology immediately changed focus from human races to human variation after WWII

A

FALSE

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15
Q

What frequency of variation is found within population groups?

A

85-90%

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15
Q

Criminal Anthropology

A

using physical differences to predict criminality

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16
Q

What frequency of variation is found between population groups?

A

10-15%

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17
Q

Human genetics and skeletal diversity show ___.

A

geographic patterning

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18
Q

What does the statement “the genes and traits that best show patterns of populations history are selectively neutral” mean?

A

the traits are not impacted by natural selection

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19
Q

TRUE or FASLE: there is no gene or trait for ancestry or race

A

TRUE

20
Q

TRUE or FALSE: race is a social construct with social and biological constructs

A

TRUE

21
Q

Ancestry is ___ using probabilistic statistical analysis.

A

estimated

22
Q

Ancestry reflect genetic patterns in ___ and ___ history.

A

population; migration

23
Q

Anthropologists contextualize ___ estimate with how ___ labels are applied locally.

A

ancestry; labels

24
Q

What are the two methods of estimating ancestry?

A

non-metric (morphoscopic) traits and metric (measurements)

25
Q

Can ancestry be estimated from juvenile remains?

A

No!

26
Q

TRUE or FALSE: traits used for ancestry estimated are discrete

A

FALSE

27
Q

Are single traits found exclusively in only one population?

A

No!

28
Q

What are the benefits of analysis with morphoscopic traits?

A

can be used on fragmentary remains and are relatively easy to use

29
Q

What are the drawbacks of analysis with morphoscopic traits?

A

can be highly subjective based on experience and older methods do not used combined patterns of population frequency data

30
Q

How is the anterior nasal spine cateogorized?

A

by the protrusion of the lower nose bone

31
Q

How is the interior nasal aperture categorized?

A

by the roundedness of the lower nose cross section

32
Q

How is nasal aperture width cateogorized?

A

by the width of the nostril area

33
Q

How is nasal bone contour categorized?

A

by how steep the bridge of the nose is

34
Q

How is interorbital breadth categorized?

A

by how wide the bridge of the nose to the eyes is

35
Q

How is the post-bregmatic depression cateogorized?

A

by the existence of the decrompression

36
Q

What are two other non-metric traits sometimes used to estimate ancestry?

A

shovel-shaped incisors and the curvature of the femoral shaft (limited accuracy)

37
Q

Can we use single traits to estimate ancestry?

A

No!

38
Q

Statistical methods used still assume ___ groups.

A

discrete (NOT true)

39
Q

Metric Methods

A

use cranial landmarks to take traditional measurements or record 3D landmark data

40
Q

Are non-metric or metric methods more objective?

A

metric methods

41
Q

Why can metric methods be problamatic? (three reasons)

A

measurements are sometimes ambiguous, limitations in reference samples, assumption of statistical methods

42
Q

What tool is used to measure the brain case?

A

spreading calipers

43
Q

What tool is used to measure the face?

A

sliding calipers

44
Q

What are two older methods of metric measurement?

A
  1. using the indexes of the nose 2. measuring the angle of the intercondylar shelf
45
Q

Linear Discriminant Functional Analysis

A

Statistical procedure that sorts individuals into groups using multiple criteria

46
Q

What does discriminant functional analysis emphasize?

A

the differences between the groups

47
Q

What was a major drawback of the original discriminant function?

A

had to have all the measurements before you started

48
Q

What is the main advantage of 3D-ID and FORDISC?

A

Customizable!

49
Q

What are the two things that discriminant functional analysis assumes?

A
  1. the unknown belongs to one of the given reference groups 2. the reference groups are discrete
50
Q

What is 3D-ID?

A

the use of a 3D digitizer to record x, y, and z coordinates of a landmark for analysis

51
Q

What important statistics are returned via 3D-ID and FORDISC?

A

probability and typicality

52
Q

What does FORDISC use as data?

A

traditional craniometric measurements

53
Q

What are the three drawbacks of 3D-ID and FORDISC?

A
  1. assumes discrete groups 2. strongly relies on quality reference samples and measurements 3. reference samples are limited
54
Q

What is important to recognize about using any form of metric data analysis?

A

interpretation is still required!

ANT370 (17 decks)

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