Antemortem Skeletal Conditions

Question 1

Illnesses that cause skeletal changes are ____.

Answer 1

long-term

Question 2

Only ____ of cases of illness known to cause skeletal changes actually do.

Answer 2

5%-20%

Question 3

What are the four types of lesions that occur in response to injury or inflammation?

Answer 3

lyric, blastic, sclerotic, deformative lesions

Question 4

Lyric (Resorption)

Answer 4

less bone than normal

Question 5

Blastic (Proliferative)

Answer 5

more bone built up than normal

Question 6

Sclerotic

Answer 6

when bone is denser than normal

Question 7

Deformative lesions

Answer 7

lesions that change the architecture of bone

Question 8

Examples of Lytic Lesions

Answer 8

porotic hyperostosis, necrosis, schmorl’s nodes

Question 9

Examples of Blastic Lesions

Answer 9

osteophytes, button osteoma

Question 10

Examples of Deformative Lesions

Answer 10

rickets

Question 11

What are the two types of cells involved in the skeletal response?

Answer 11

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Question 12

Osteoblasts

Answer 12

cells that create new bony matrix

Question 13

Osteoclasts

Answer 13

cells that break down old bone for minerals

Question 14

What are the three steps to diagnosing skeletal irregularities?

Answer 14

1. identify and record distribution of lesions (one or many)
2. describe each lesion
3. differential diagnosis (present multiple possibilities)

Question 15

Examples of Arthropathies

Answer 15

osteoarthritis, diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis

Question 16

What are the five broad classes of common variants?

Answer 16

arthropathies, trauma, congenital anomalies, tumors, disease processes

Question 17

Are dislocations usually evident in bone?

Answer 17

No

Question 18

Luxation

Answer 18

full displacement

Question 19

Subluxation

Answer 19

partial displacement

Question 20

How can you determine if a dislocation is traumatic?

Answer 20

consult the soft tissue

Question 21

What are congenital anomalies?

Answer 21

skeletal variants which form at or before birth due to genetic and/or environmental factors

Question 22

Why are congenital anomalies not very helpful in forensic anthropology?

Answer 22

very common and not usually documented unless severe

Question 23

Most cancers and tumors of the bone are very ____.

Answer 23

rare

Question 24

What are the three types of diseases that impact bone?

Answer 24

infectious diseases, noncommunicable diseases, generalized infection

Question 25

How does disease actually impact bone?

Answer 25

disease disrupts basic physiological mechanisms

Question 26

Do infectious diseases cause very specific responses in bone?

Answer 26

No

Question 27

Osteomyelitis

Answer 27

endosteal infection (infection of the layer around the trabeculae)

Question 28

Osteitis

Answer 28

inflammation of inner structures of bone

Question 29

Periostitis/Periostosis

Answer 29

inflammation of the periosteum (outer blood vessel layer)

Question 30

What are occupational stress markers caused by?

Answer 30

repetitive motion which is generally associated with hard labor

Question 31

What are some signs of concentrated use?

Answer 31

enlarged areas for muscle attachment, regions of erosion, ossification of soft tissues, areas of insertions, osteophytosis (small bony spurs around articular surfaces)