Antemortem Skeletal Conditions Flashcards
Illnesses that cause skeletal changes are ____.
long-term
Only ____ of cases of illness known to cause skeletal changes actually do.
5%-20%
What are the four types of lesions that occur in response to injury or inflammation?
lyric, blastic, sclerotic, deformative lesions
Lyric (Resorption)
less bone than normal
Blastic (Proliferative)
more bone built up than normal
Sclerotic
when bone is denser than normal
Deformative lesions
lesions that change the architecture of bone
Examples of Lytic Lesions
porotic hyperostosis, necrosis, schmorl’s nodes
Examples of Blastic Lesions
osteophytes, button osteoma
Examples of Deformative Lesions
rickets
What are the two types of cells involved in the skeletal response?
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
cells that create new bony matrix
Osteoclasts
cells that break down old bone for minerals
What are the three steps to diagnosing skeletal irregularities?
- identify and record distribution of lesions (one or many)
- describe each lesion
- differential diagnosis (present multiple possibilities)
Examples of Arthropathies
osteoarthritis, diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis
What are the five broad classes of common variants?
arthropathies, trauma, congenital anomalies, tumors, disease processes
Are dislocations usually evident in bone?
No
Luxation
full displacement
Subluxation
partial displacement
How can you determine if a dislocation is traumatic?
consult the soft tissue
What are congenital anomalies?
skeletal variants which form at or before birth due to genetic and/or environmental factors
Why are congenital anomalies not very helpful in forensic anthropology?
very common and not usually documented unless severe
Most cancers and tumors of the bone are very ____.
rare
What are the three types of diseases that impact bone?
infectious diseases, noncommunicable diseases, generalized infection
How does disease actually impact bone?
disease disrupts basic physiological mechanisms
Do infectious diseases cause very specific responses in bone?
No
Osteomyelitis
endosteal infection (infection of the layer around the trabeculae)
Osteitis
inflammation of inner structures of bone
Periostitis/Periostosis
inflammation of the periosteum (outer blood vessel layer)
What are occupational stress markers caused by?
repetitive motion which is generally associated with hard labor
What are some signs of concentrated use?
enlarged areas for muscle attachment, regions of erosion, ossification of soft tissues, areas of insertions, osteophytosis (small bony spurs around articular surfaces)
