Essnetials Of Firefighting 7th Ed Flashcards
All fires involve a heat producing chemical reaction between
Fuel and an Oxidizer
Oxygen in the Air.
Not combustible but will support or enhance combustion.
Oxidizers
Common Oxidizers
Calcium Hypochlorite (Granular Chlorine) Chlorine gas Ammonium Nitrate Hydrogen Peroxide Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide.
Physical Science is the study of
Matter and Energy and includes chemistry and physics.
Occurs when a substance changes from one type of matter into another, such as two or more substances combing to form compounds.
Chemical Reaction.
Forms of energy are either ?
Potential or Kinetic
The energy available for releases in the combustion process is known as the ?
Heat of combustion.
The energy that a moving object processes ?
Kinetic Energy
Stored energy possessed by an object that can be released in the future to perform work once released.
Potential Energy
All Energy can change from
One type to another.
Energy is measured in
Joules (J) in the International System of Units (SI)
Customary = Btu
Heat required to change the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius takes ?
4.2 joules
Anything that occupies space and has mass?
Matter
Smoke is an aerosol comprised of
Gas, vapor, and solid particulates.
Smoke is
Incomplete combustion.
Left over Fuel from incomplete combustion
Smoke and Ash
Carbon Based Fuels
Wood and Cotton
Plastic, synthetic fabrics, and other types
Hydrocarbon Fuels.
Petroleum based organic compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon.
The incomplete combustion of organic(carbon containing materials)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
CO combines with hemoglobins about?
200 x more effectively than oxygen.
When two or more substances combine they form a
Compound.
Produced in the combustion of materials containing nitrogen.
(HCN)=Hydrogen Cyanide.
(HCN) Hydrogen Cyanide is 35 x more toxic than
(CO)Carbon Monoxide.
Force per unit of an area applied perpendicular to a surface
Pressure
The capacity to perform work
Energy
Moves from areas of higher pressures to areas of Lower pressure.
Gas
The most common source of heat in combustion reactions.
Chemical energy
Seven types of energy
Chemical Thermal Electrical Mechanical Light Nuclear Sound
Friction and Compression generate
mechanical energy
When a Gas is compressed
Heat is generated.
Objects at the same temperature do not
Transfer Heat
Three mechanism of heat transfer
Conduction
Convection
Radiation.
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water 1 degree Fahrenheit
Btu
Copper will conduct heat more than ——— faster than steel.
Seven Times
Forty times as thermally conductive as concrete.
Steel.
What type of change occurs when a substance changes in size, shape, or appearance, but chemically stays the same?
Physical Change: Water freezing, water boiling.
Insulator least able to conduct heat.
Air
Transfer of thermal energy by the circulation or movement of a fluid, liquid, or gas?
Convection.
Transmission of energy as electromagnet waves, light, radio, or x rays.
Radiation.
How many joules = 1 Btu?
1055 j
Reactions that absorb energy as they occur are
Endothermic reactions ex: converting water to steam
Reactions that emit energy as they occur are
Exothermic
Most common fuels are ?
Organic
The prefix Kilo indicates a multiple of
1000
Mega indicates a multiple of
1,000,000
Ex: kilowatt is 1000 watts and a megawatt is a 1,000,000 watts.
A chemical process of oxidation that occurs at a rate fast enough to produce heat and usually in the form of either a glow or a flame.
Combustion.
A rapid oxidation process, which is a chemical reaction resulting in the evolution of light and heat in varying intensities?
Fire
A form of energy characterized by vibration of molecules and capable of initiating and supporting chemical changes and change of state.
Heat
Minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapors to ignite.
Flash point
Temperature at which a piloted ignition of sufficient vapors will begin a sustain combustion reaction.
Fire point
Term commonly used to indicate the flammability hazard of liquid fuels.
Flash point
Measure of materials ability to transfer heat energy to other objects?
Temperature
What type of change occurs when a substance changes from one type of matter to another?
Chemical change
A material that will maintain combustion under specific environmental conditions.
Fuel
Any material that readily yields oxygen or other oxidizing gas, or that readily reacts to promote or initiate combustion of combustion materials.
Oxidizer.
Name two forms of ignition.
Piloted and Auto(non-piloted) ignition
Describes the extent to which a substance will mix with water.
Solubility
Solid, liquid, gas dissolves in a solvent usually water.
material that mixes in water in all proportions is called
Miscible
The most common type of ignition. Occurs when a mixture of fuel and oxygen encounters an external heat source with sufficient heat or thermal energy to start the combustion process.
Piloted Ignition.
The auto-ignition temperature of a substance is always higher then its
Piloted ignition temp.
Foams specifically designed for polar solvents?
Alcohol Resistant.
Minimum concentration of fuel vapor and air that supports combustion
(LEL)lower explosive limit
Concentration above to support combustion IE to rich to burn
(UEL)Upper explosive limit
The fuel in a combustion reaction is known as the ?
Reducing agent.
The range of concentrations of the fuel vapor and air is called ?
Flammable(explosive ) range.
A visual indicator that a fire is leaving the incipient stage is?
Flame height. When flames reach 2.5 feet.
Physical process that changes a liquid into a gaseous state; the rate depends on the substance involved, heat, pressure, and exposed surface area.
Vaporization
Name two modes of combustion
Flaming and non-flaming
A significant indicator of Flashover
Rollover
When a mixture of unburned fuel gases and oxygen comes in contact with an ignition source.
Smoke explosion
Occurs slowly, lower temps, produce a smoldering glow.
Nonflamming combustion
As Flashover occurs the Gas temperatures in the room reach
1100 degrees F (593C) or higher
The auto ignition temperature of CO
Approx 1100F
UL recommends when dealing with fires in solar panels crews should?
Apply water from a min of 15ft when using automatic nozzles.
20ft away when using smooth bore nozzles.
Natural gas in its pure form is
Methane
Flammability range of natural gas is
5% to 15% lighter than air.
Name the two models that are used to describe the element of fire and how to extinguish it
Fire Triangle and Fire Tetrahedron.
Materials that absorb heat but do not participate actively in the combustion process. Give a example.
Passive Agents.
Ex: Gypsum/Humidity
Situational awareness techniques for wildfires
“LCES”
Lookout, communication, escape routes, Safety zones.
Us department of Agriculture’s forest service in 1957 established
Ten standard Firefighting orders.
Fire Fighting Foam extinguishes and/or prevents ignition in several ways.
Separating, cooling, smothering, penetrating.
Petroleum-based combustible or Flammable liquids that Float on water such as gasoline.
Hydrocarbon Fuels.
Flammable liquids that mix readily with water such as ethanol
Polar Solvents
AFFF
Aqueous film forming foam
Class B foams
FFFP
Film forming Fluoroprotein Faom
Class B foams
A type of ventilation tactic to create a defensible line ahead of the fire spread when ventilating.
Trench Cut or strip ventilation.
Phenomenon of a strong air draft moving from ground level to the roof level of a building
Stack Effect
A Single cut the width of the saw blade made in a roof to check for fire extension.
Kerf cut
Rectangular exhaust opening cut in a roof, allowing a section of the roof deck to be tilted and attached.
Louver Cut
A door latch and lock assembly that is mounted in a cavity in the door edge is called?
Mortise latch and Lock
Proper ladder climbing angle ?
Approx 75 degrees
For ladder lengths of 35 feet or less reach is approx -
For lengths over 35 feet reach is?
1 ft less than the designated length.
Approx - 2 feet
First story Roof height
16 to 20 Ft
Second Story window height
20 to 28 feet
Second Story Roof
28 to 35 feet
Third Story Window or Roof
40 to 50 Feet
Fourth Story Roof
Over 50 feet
Dynamic Rope
High- Stretch
Used when Long falls are a possibility to reduce shock of impact falls.
Static Rope
Low-Stretch
Rope Rescue ops low stretch without breaking.
The core of the rope which accounts for _________ % of the total strength.
75%
NFPA 1983 states low stretch rope must not elongate more than
10% when tested under a load equal to 10% of its breaking strength.
NFPA 1962 states hose should be inspected and service tested within
90 days before being placed in service for the first time and at least annually thereafter
Standard on Life Safety Rope and Equipment for Emergency Services.
NFPA 1983
List the requirements of NFPA 1983 that must be meet to reuse life safety rope
No abrasions or apparent damage. It has not been exposed to heat or flame. It has not been subjected to a impact load. It has not been exposed to anything that can deteriorate the rope. It has passed inspection by a qualified personal.
Name two types of Ropes the fire service has?
Life Safety and Utility
NFPA 1983 establishes two other types of Rope, what are they?
Escape rope and Water Rescue Throw line.
Three things that utility rope can be used for
Hoist equipment
Secure objects
Cordon off a area
1) Synthetic fibers are used to make what type of rope ?
2) Natural fibers are used to make kind of rope?
1- Life Safety and Utility
2 - Utility Only
Advantages of synthetic fiber Rope
Excellent resistance to water, mildew, mold, rotting, shrinkage, and UV light. Longer life span then natural fiber. Strong and lightweight. Easy to maintain.
NFPA requires that only rope of __________ be used as life safety rope.
Block Creel Construction.
Continuous filament virgin fiber for load bearing elements.
Name four most common types of rope construction.
Kermantle
Laid
Braided
Braid on Braid
The only type of construction for life safety rope is
Kernmantle rope
Rope that consist of a protective shield(mantle) over the load bearing core strands(kern)
Kernmantle Rope
Name a disadvantage to synthetic rope
Melts when exposed to heat.
Rope construction by twisting several groups of strands together. Used exclusively for utility rope. Susceptible to abrasion and other physical damage. Damage immediately effects the ropes strength.
Laid(twisted) rope
How much of a ropes strength can be reduced from sharp angles, knots and bends.
50%
A rope should never be loaded with a sustained load for more then how many days ?
2 days
List the advantages to natural fiber rope
Resistant to sunlight. Does not melt when exposed to heat. It holds a knot firmly.
Remove a rope with a rust stain if the rust penetrates how much of the rope ?
1/2 the width.
Rope that is constructed by uniformly intertwining strands of rope together in a diagonally overlapping pattern.
Braided rope
Rope constructed by twisting fibers together to forms strands, then twisting the strands (typically three) together to make a final rope.
Laid rope.
Consist of a braided core enclosed in a braided sheath.
Braid-on-braid rope.
Ropes can be cleaned in a washing machine front or top loading clothes washers without
Center agitators.
All life safety rope must have what during its entire service time?
Rope log
What width of webbing is most common in the fire service
1”
Name two types of webbing
Flat and tubular
Also called the Flemish Blend. Used to tie ropes of equal diameter together. Used primarily in life safety applications.
Figure-eight Bend
Knot used mainly for securing objects.
Figure Eight Follow through
Used to join two pieces of webbing, or the ends of one piece. Can slip easily so it must be dressed and tied as flat a possible.
Water knot
A pulley is a simple device used to create
Mechanical advantage
Most common types of rope and hardware used in hoisting
Carabiners and Pulleys
Name 4 ways that life safety webbing can be used?
Rescue harness/ladder Belt
Anchor system
Package and secure victims to a litter.
Fasten Rescue components together
Either manually operated or automatic sense the products of combustion or other hazardous conditions. Sends a signal to the FACP
Initiating devices
At 212 Degrees F water expands to approximately
1700 time
Sprinkler FDCs should be supplied with water from pumpers that have a capacity of at least
1000 gpms or greater
Flash point of gasoline
-45 degrees Fahrenheit
Boiling point of Gas- 100 to 104 F
Fire Point of Gas - -40 to -35 F
Ignition temp of gas 536 F
Appliance that has multiple lines into one line
Siamese
Resembles a wye appliance but there is and inlet and outlet of matching size combined with smaller outlets that steal water from the main line.
Water thief
Colorless Gas with a chocking or suffocating odor.
Sulfur Dioxide
NFPA 1931 requires that the designated ladder length be marked on each
Beam within 12” of the butt plate
What part of the hand should be used to perform CPR on an infant?
Compressions for infants are performed with the index and middle fingers.
p.1037
Which section of the ERG is deemed the most useful as it contains safety recommendations and general hazards information?
Orange pages
P.1193
Which portable fire extinguisher rating has numerical ratings?
Class B
p.254
Up to what number of compartment can be present in the low pressure tank car?
Six
p. 1137
What should be applied to the wooden handles of hand tools and equipment?
Linseed oil.
p. 414
Where are reporting marks Located on intermodal tanks ?
Right hand sides as you face it from either sides or the ends.
p. 1106
Where in the sprinkler head should the wedge be inserted to stop the flow of water?
Insert the wedges between the sprinkler arms with the flat sides against the sprinkler.
p. 727
When hoisting tools and equipment which piece of equipment Does OSHA prohibit from being hoisted?
Pressurized cylinders, such as SCBA cylinders.
p. 291
What is the maximum distance that a power tool should be carried if it is operating?
10ft
p.385
Which NFPA standard specifies fire hose coupling design and construction to ensure compatibility with all brands of fire hose?
NFPA 1963
p. 542
What are the three types of hose couplings lugs ?
Rocker lug- modern fire hose
Recessed Lug- booster fire hose.
Pin Lug- usually found on old fire hose.
p. 545
What will cause pressure containers to rupture violently ?
Internal Pressure
p.1108
What is the most common cause of oxygen- deficient atmosphere?
Combustion
p. 202
Low -volume stream discharges less than ?
40 GPM
supplies by 3/4, 1 inch, or 1.5 inch hose lines.
p.620
Hand-line stream supplied by 1.5 to 3-inch hose have flows of?
40 to 350 gpms
p. 620
In what position should the ladder be placed during cleaning ?
Flat, elevated at each end.
p. 345
Up to what percent concentration is class B foam mixed?
6 percent
p. 876
Most vehicle electrical systems are either ?
12-24 volts
p.844
Up to how many volts of direct current can the wiring in an electric and /or hybrid vehicle carry?
650 volts
p. 844
What advantage does ventilation take with fire gases which allows them to escape from the structure ?
Buoyancy
p. 497
The primary mode of heat transfer from one compartment to another in a structure fire is?
Convection
p. 497
What type of portable water tanks are widely used in wildland fire fighting operations?
Frameless portable tanks.
p. 596
What type of portable water tanks are widely used in wildland fire fighting operations?
Frameless portable tanks.
p. 596
What is used to create the discharge pattern of the water from the sprinkler?
Deflector.
p. 1002
What are the common sprinkler orientation types ?
Upright Pendant Sidewall Concealed Flush Recessed In-Rack
Where are Pendant sprinklers used?
Where it is impractical or unsightly to use sprinklers in an upright position.
Note: water droplets directed downward.
p. 1002
Where are Upright sprinklers used?
Typically used in dry systems.
Note: downward in a hemispherical pattern.
p. 1002
Where is a sidewalk sprinkler used ?
To be able to discharge water to one side.
Corridors. Office. Hotel rooms, and residential occupancies.
p. 1002
Which type of chord truss is generally encountered with flat roofs and Floor assemblies?
Parallel
p. 94
What indicates how easily a substance will evaporate into air?
Vapor Pressure
P.138
Describes the density of gases in relation to air.
Provides an indication of where a gas will collect at an incident.
Vapor density
p. 138
What must happen for liquids to burn?
They must vaporize.
p.138
What are the names of Two-way Nonthreaded couplings ?
Quarter- Turn Coupling
Storz Coupling
Use identical couplings to create a seal between lengths of hose ?
Two-way nonthreaded couplings
p.547
What do non threaded couplings use to connect ?
Locks or cams rather than screw threads.
p. 546
What are the names of Two-way Nonthreaded couplings ?
Quarter- Turn Coupling
Storz Coupling
What do non threaded couplings use to connect ?
Locks or cams rather than screw threads.
p. 546
Use identical couplings to create a seal between lengths of hose ?
Two-way nonthreaded couplings
p.547
Approx how long will the straight or solid stream be applied into the super -heated products of combustion during a transitional attack.
30 seconds
Applied in a side to side motion into the superheated products
P. 679
What type of nozzle stream may be the best nozzle pattern to use in well involved, unventilated interior fires.
A straight stream
p.679
What lock is the most common type of lock set founds mm in residential applications
Cylindrical locks
What in most cases is the beat treatment for shock?
Transport to the Hospital
p. 1041
The only safe way to cut all power to a structure is at the ?
Main breaker or Meter shutoff.
P.688
What should be used to cut off the power to the building using the meter box?
Handle on the side of the meter box.
Residential -shut down main circuit breakers.
Where is the drain hole located on the dry- barrel hydrant ?
Bottom
p. 592
To prevent freezing, the dry-barrel hydrant main valve is located ?
Underground below the frost line.
p. 592
Where is the drain hole located on the dr-barrel hydrant ?
Bottom
p. 592
Name four types of hose clamps ?
Screw down
Press-down
Hydraulic Press
Wildland
p. 591
Apply a hose clamp at least_____ behind the apparatus.
20feet
Apply the hose clamp approx 5 feet from the coupling on the supply side.
p. 591
What is VBIEDs mean?
Vehicle - Borne Improvised Explosive Devices.
Note : When using small vehicles, such as passenger cars, the explosives are often concealed in the trunk
p. 1272
What is VBIEDs mean?
Vehicle - Borne Improvised Explosive Devices.
Note : When using small vehicles, such as passenger cars, the explosives are often concealed in the trunk
p. 1272
What is the lowest horizontal member of the window frame that supports the weight of the hardware and sash
Sill
p. 108
On the NFPA 704 diamond what is it at the six o’clock position?
Special Hazards
Note: Only two special hazard symbols are presently authorized for that position by the NFPA
No specific background cover however, white is most commonly used
On the NFPA 704 diamond what are the colors RED, Yellow and Blue indicate ?
Red - Flammability
Blue - Health
Yellow- instability
p. 1180
What type of roof is the rain or snow roof ?
Pitched
p.100
What type of roof is the rain or snow roof ?
Pitched
p.100
Particulate -removing filters are divided into?
Nine Classes
Three levels of filtration 95,99, and 99.97 percent. And three categories of filter degradation
N- Not resistant to oil.
R- Resistant to oil.
P- Present when oil or no oil lubricants are used.
HEPA filters stand for?
High-efficiency particulate air filters.
Note: filters used for medical emergency must be 99.97 percent efficient.
p. 1309
Particulate -removing filters are divided into?
Nine Classes
Three levels of filtration 95,99, and 99.97 percent. And three categories of filter degradation
N- Not resistant to oil.
R- Resistant to oil.
P- Present when oil or no oil lubricants are used.
HEPA filters stand for?
High-efficiency particulate air filters.
Note: filters used for medical emergency must be 99.97 percent efficient.
p. 1309
Name three types of Blood agents
- Arsine(SA)- mild garlic. Formed when arsenic comes in contact with and acid.
- Hydrogen cyanide(AC) faint odor of bitter almonds. 25% of the population can’t smell it.
- Cyanogen Chloride(CK) pungent biting odor.
p. 1278
Name two types of choking agents?
- Chlorine-
- Phosgene- odor freshly cut hay.harmful by the time you smell it.
p. 1278
Which type of release is seen across all types of hazmat containers?
Violent Rupture.
p. 1099
Common methods to control liquid spills
Dam
Dike
Divert
Retain
p. 1345
Which type of atmospheric/non-pressure storage tank has a potentially dangerous vapor space ?
Cone Roof
p.1130
Where must the foam concentrate be available when operating the Foam nozzle educator ?
At the nozzle
p. 878
What is the most common type of foam proportioner used in the fire Service ?
The in-line eductor.
p. 878
What shape is used to designate a mass explosion in the U.S and Canadian military symbols.
Stop sign shape- Octagon 8 sides
X= explosion with fragment hazard.
Upside down triangle- Mass Fire
Diamond- Moderate fire -no blast
p. 1186
Within how many breaths can many released liquefied gases kill a person?
One breath.
p. 1125
Cryogenic tank trucks are also known as
MC338
TC338
SCT- 338
Pressures of less than 25 and up to 500psi
8,000 to 10,000
p. 1124
How are Substance that release gases which are toxic inhalation hazard indicated in the ERG?
Green highlighted in the yellow-bordered index.
p.1193
The blue-boarded pages of the ERG provide an index of?
Hazardous Materials in alphabetical order.
p.1193
The orange-bordered guide pages in the ERG provide?
Safety recommendations, general hazard information, and basic emergency response actions.
p. 1193
A “P” following the Guide number in the ERG indicates that a
Material polymerizes
Note: Polymerization is a violent reaction that releases great amounts of heat and energy.
p. 1193
Green highlighted on substance listed in the blue border pages in the ERG indicates ?
The release of TIH gases. toxic inhalation hazard.
p. 1193
In the ERG the Green Boarder pages are?
Tables of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distance.
p. 1197
What color is the high-voltage wiring in most hybrid vehicles that helps emergency responders in recognizing it during incidents?
Orange.
P. 844
Rubber-jacket hose is not subject to?
Organic damage
p. 553
The outer jacket of some woven-jacket fire hose is made of synthetic fibers such as
Dacron, polyester that resist organic damage.
p. 553
With what frequency should hose be removed, swept, inspected, and reloaded if it has not been used?
Six months
p.554
Water application to the fire compartment begins to transition the fire from?
Ventilation limited to fuel limited conditions.
p. 498
