Essential stuff Flashcards
A 2-year old Brown Swiss with an abomasal torsion is likely to have which electrolyte abnormalities?
Hypochloraemia, metabolic alkalosis, hypokalaemia
What is the dental formula of a cow?
- 0.3. 3
3. 1. 3. 3
How long is the oestrus cycle in the cow, ewe, sow, mare, queen and pig?
Cow - 21 Ewe - 17 Sow - 21 Mare - 21 Cat - 40-60
What is the dental formula of the dog
Permanent
I 3/3 C 1/1 PM 4/4 M 2/3
= 42 teeth in total
Puppies
28 teeth in total
I 3/3 C1/1 PM 3/3 M 0/0
What is the dental formula of a cat?
I 3/3 C 1/1 PM 3/2 M 1/1
=30 teeth in total
Kittens
I 3/3 C 1/1 PM 3/2 M 0/0
= 26 teeth in total
A client has just bought a new kitten and asks you when its teeth should erupt as she is concerned it is too young - what do you tell her?
No teeth at birth.
Canines through by 4 weeks.
Incisors and premolars through by 5-6 weeks.
All primary teeth usually present and correct by 6 weeks in both kittens and puppies.
Permanent teeth
Incisors and canines usually through at 3 months
Premolars usually coming through at 4 months
Molars usually coming through at 5 months.
Which bacterial species are implicated in periodontal disease?
Bacteroides, peptostreptococcus, Fusobacterium are common but literally hundreds of species are possible.
Where are FORLs most commonly found?
The lesion is almost always located on the buccal aspect of the tooth and the mandibular third premolars 307 and 407 are most commonly affected.
What is the difference between type 1 and 2 FORLS and how they are treated?
type 1 - normal tooth root density and appearance. Periodontal ligament space visible. often associated with general periodontal disease.
Type 2 - roots hard to see, may be replaced by alveolar bone or ghosted, periodontal ligament space is not clear, gingivitis associated with afected tooth rather than general periodontal disease.
tx - extraction. Type 1 require standard extraction with root retrieval.
Type 2 can be treated with coronal amputation. the crown is amputated and no attempt is made to retrieve roots.
How should feline chronic gingivo stomatitis be treated?
10 day course of antibiotic. Careful scale and polish. Extract teeth affected by FORLS or periodontal disease. chlorhexidine gel for owner to apply. Many persist after treatment. other possibilities include; Removal of all cheek teeth. Steroids Interferon
Why would microcytosis and hypochromia occur in anaemia?
Iron deficiency
Describe what tests cane be done to evaluate haemostasis?
Evaluating primary haemostasis:
BMBT - small cut in the buccal mucous membranes - which gives a rapid assessment of platelet function, if platelet NUMBER is normal. Normally, bleeding should stop within 3 minutes, and a BMBT of greater than 5 minutes is considered prolonged.
Evaluating secondary haemostasis:
Activated clotting time - ACT is the time taken for 2ml of fresh whole blood to clot in a tube with a contact activator. The normal ACT is 90-120 seconds and
What are the causes of haemolytic anaemia?
Immune mediated
DIC, haemangiosarcoma
Babesia
Heinz body - paracetamol, onions, zinc, propylene glycol
Copper toxicity associated with hepatic necrosis in bedlington terriers
In cats also - FELV, mycoplasma haemofelis.
Which factors are dependent upon vitamin K to become active?
II, VII, IX and X
What is fibrinolysis?
Plasma induced fibrin breakdown - prevents uncontrolled and wide spread clotting. The two most important naturally occuring anticoagulant proteins are antithrombin and protein C. Fibrin degradation products are the end products of fibrinolysis.
How is Von willi brands disease diagnosed/
Affected patients have a prolonged BMBT and decreased plasma levels of vwf.
Desmopressin sometimes used as a treatment as it increases levels of vwf.
Which factor is missing in haemophilia A?
Factor VIII - a component of the intrinsic pathway of clotting cascade. Affected patients have a prolonged ACT, APt and normal PT.
When should DIC be suspected?
If testing reveals thrombocytopenia, elevated FDP, decreased fibrinogen, and prolonged BMBT, ACT, PT and APTT.
What drugs can be used to treat Canine immune mediated thrombocytopenia?
Single dose vincristine
Glucocorticoids
Ciclosporin or azathioprine
What is the best protocol for lymphoma?
Prednisone, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine
What is the pathogenesis of secondary renal hyperparathyroidism?
Increased phosphate - Low calcium
Stimulates PTH
Increased Calcium withdrawn from bone
Recued production of calcitriol in the kidney - impaired intesitnal absorption.
What disease often occurs secondary to exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in dogs?
The correct answer is small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). This occurs because of the loss of antibacterial factors from pancreatic fluid as well as altered intestinal motility and decreased immunity from malnutrition. Concurrent SIBO can often exacerbate clinical signs and complicate therapy for EPI. The other choices listed are not sequela to EPI.
Where do soft tissue sarcomas arise from?
fibrous tissue, pericyte of blood vessels, nerve, adipose tissue, synovial cells, skeletal muscle
They are locally infiltrative but
What is a normal norberg angle?
> 105