Essay plans chapter 3 Flashcards
Realism vs Liberalism - human nature (realism)
- People therefore states are rational, amoral actors
- There is no concept of a ‘good liberal order’ people therefore states are set to achieve their own goals without the context of a night watchmen - ‘no night watchman’ (John Mearsheimer)
e.g. Russia invasion of Ukraine
- link to Nozick Anarchy State and Utopia
- People therefore states are fixed unitary actors with unchanging desires
- entity that seeks to maximise national interest and are fixed
e.g. American Service-Members’ Protection Act
- link to Rand objectivism
- People therefore states seek power after power and are drawn to conflict
- power is finite and the gathering of it provides protection
Realism vs Liberalism - human nature (liberalism)
- People therefore states look to help each other as they are good natured
- there is a concept of a good liberal order driven by humanities good nature
e.g. foundation of the un and un charter after the second ww
- People therefore states have fraternal bonds do not have fixed unitary interests
- states seek to help others through humanitarian aid
- link to marx fraternity
e.g. USAID 2024 $63.1bn
- People do not only seek power conflict can be resolved
- kantian triangle allows for peace to be achieved humans therefore states live in a world of infinite power
Realism vs Liberalism - power (realist)
- Power is finite
- zero sum game where if one state gains power another will lose it. Failure to regard power as finite will result in an imbalance in which peace is threatened
e.g. Soviet Union fall led way to US hegemony in the 90s and early 2000s
- States are solely power maximisers
- unitary actors entity that seeks to maximise national interest and are fixed
e.g. American Service-Members’ Protection Act
- link to Rand objectivism
- IGOs decrease power
- IGOs require a pooled sovereignty which limits the states ability which is dangerous in a world of power maximisers
Realism vs Liberalism - power (liberalism)
- Power is infinite
- any state can gain power without it effecting the balance of global order and the position of other states as there is a global rule set that provides stability
- States aren’t solely power maximisers
- states choose to cooperate in ways which doesn’t gain power for them
e.g. US intervention in Bosnia and Kosovo
- IGOs increase power
- as power is infinite the cooperation of states provides a more strong economic political and security ability
e.g. EU is the third largest economy
Realism vs Liberalism - security (realism)
- State security is primary as other states are power maximisers
e.g. Russian War in Ukraine
- link to Rand Objectivism
- Order+Security is achieved through military
- hard power is the most effective tool to a nation the build up of military dissuades other nations in a system of international anarchy
- Order+Security important as humans crave protection in a state
- humans require a sense of security before rights or anything else can appear, places will not gain statehood if they cannot guarantee security
Realism vs Liberalism - security (liberalism)
- States aren’t solely power maximisers
- states choose to cooperate in ways which doesn’t gain power for them
e.g. US intervention in Bosnia and Kosovo
- Marx fraternity
- Can be achieved through IGOs
- NATO
- Humans want cooperation
Realism vs Liberalism - conflict (realism)
- Conflict is inevitable due to states being power maximisers
e.g. Russian War in Ukraine
- Conflict is a natural position due to international anarchy
- Hedley Bull Anarchical Society 1977 what is the nature of order in world politics?
- IGOs do not reduce conflict
- John Mearsheimer ‘no night watchmen’
e.g. Russia’s veto of UN amendment to withdraw from Ukraine
Realism vs Liberalism - conflict (liberalism)
- Nations influenced by other things
- states choose to cooperate in ways which doesn’t gain power for them
e.g. US intervention in Bosnia and Kosovo
- While peace is not default can be achieved through Kantian Triangle (Democracy, Economic Independence, IGOs)
- IGOs do reduce conflict
e.g. 2021 84,000 deaths in state based conflicts 1981 200,000, UN missions in Sierra Leone
Realism vs Liberalism - IGOs (realism)
- IGOs infringe on SS
- IGOs required a pooled sovereignty for its supranational bodies to function
e.g. ICC requires states who are signatories to arrest those who have an arrest warrant from the court
- IGOs achieve nothing in reducing conflict
e.g. conflict in DRC continues. MONUSCO will leave in 2024 after 25 years. Addis Abba agreement concluded in 2013 failed to prevent Rwanda backed M23 rebels from reaching the outskirts of Goma and challenging government power
- IGOs are doomed to fail and will be used selfishly by states
e.g. Russia’s veto of UN amendment to withdraw from Ukraine,
Realism vs Liberalism - IGOs (liberalism)
- They do not infringe ss in a meaningful way
- the pooling of sovt in a supranational body does not leave the state more exposed and creates diplomatic bonds which are necessary for a modern state
- IGOs do reduce conflict
e.g. 2021 84,000 deaths in state based conflicts 1981 200,000, UN missions in Sierra Leone
- Not doomed to fail
global international order has maintained
e.g. 26% were considered some form democratic in 1980 now over 50%
Examine the criticisms that have been made of the IMF and World Bank
- Overly influenced by the West
e.g. based in American Capital USA 16.52% IMF, 16.4% in World Bank
- Failure to achieve goals
e.g. IMF failing to monitor the global economy for 2008, of 763 projects since 1980 512 were interrupted of which 291 did not resume, of the 66 less developed countries receiving aid from the world bank for more than 25 years 37 are no better off
- Failure to consult local communities
e.g. 2016 Afghani government embezzled over $100mn, Coal fired power plants in South Africa, in 2024 80% of countries were advised to cut or freeze the percentage of GDP spent on wage bills
Examine the effectiveness of both the international courts and tribunals in protecting human rights.
- Sets a precedent
- outlined in the Rome statute that in states under their jurisdiction everyone can be prosecuted regardless of political or military role, ICTR was the first case of prosecution of rape as a component of genocide
e.g. First trial 2021 Al Mahdi had a revised sentence for destruction of monuments
- Deterrent effect
- ICC dissuades potential crimes as they have real ability to convict
e.g. 2020 Ali Kushayb military commander handed himself in via the Central African Republic, prosecutions of ICTY have lowered violence in the balkans
- Complement to state justice
- respects state sovereignty and allows states to first deal with their own criminal prosecutions
e.g. ICC supported the Colombian OTP with prosecution in 2012, tribunal with the courts of Cambodia from 2006 to present has allowed the previous genocide to be carefully rediscovered with local courts
Evaluate the extent to which cultural globalisation has had a greater
impact on the world than any other form of globalisation. agreement
- Cultural
- the transmission and embedding of ideas and principles around the world. Migration and spread of liberal democracy
e.g. immigrants outside the EU made a net £5.2bn, 48% closed autocracies 1980 to 18% 2024
- Economic - joseph nye
- the increasing economic interdependence between nations through trade, capital flows, and goods and services
e.g. China US trade 2022 $758.4bn, Amazon has 1.5mn employees globally and 10mn sellers
- Political
- the growth of a world wide political system
e.g. 2022 141 nations voted for Russias hostilities to cease, 2021 84,000 deaths in state based conflicts 1981 200,000
Evaluate the extent to which cultural globalisation has had a greater
impact on the world than any other form of globalisation. disagreement
- Cultural
- retreat of liberal ideas and democracy and backlash against migrant
e.g. number of true liberal democracies has decreased to 1995 levels, Brexit 2024 EU elections in which ID gained the second most seats
- Economic
- instability brought on by globalisation and rising inequality despite growth in TNCs
e.g. by the end of 2020 Trump’s trade war costed 316bn, Gini Index of inequality has decreased marginally from 39.6 to 38.6
- Political
- failure of political globalisation to achieve supranational standards
e.g. US march 2024 veto of Palestinian statehood, UNFCCC Glasgow 2021 changed wording from phase out to phase down coal due to China and India
Evaluate the extent to which the European Union (EU) has been a model for regionalism around the world.
- Political
- EU is full member of both G7 and G20. Internally it has an effective supranational structure with the EU parliament, European commission of 27 members in which Ursula Von der Leyen is head of
e.g. march 2024 Commission recommendations on measures to combat violence against women, Von der Leyen has pushed for carbon neutrality by 2050
- Economic
- single currency established by the Maastricht Treaty 1993, ECB created which sets monetary policy when first established as ECSC with no tariffs
e.g. EU economy is third largest in the world, second largest in terms of world trade
- Military
- EU has joint principles and western values making their responses more cohesive than other regional blocs
e.g. In 2023 9 EU military operations were in place, 2022 EU military assistance mission was set up too provide equipment
