Essay Plans Flashcards
Henry 7 Econcomy
Feudal Dues, £7000 through Duchess of Buckingham marrying without license
Bonds and Recognisances
Council Learned in the Law (Empson and Dudley) created 1499 by Reginald Bray to collect feudal dues
French Pension through treaty of Etaples in 1492 £5000
Rebellions over finance, cornish rebellion (97) Yorkshire Rebellion (89)
Henry 7 Governance
Initial instability deu to the Wars of the Roses
Use of the Order of the Garter in order to grant titles to support but no power or land - 37 knights created
Creation of the Council Learned in the Law
Only called parliament 7 times
Reduction of the Privy Council, comprised of nobility, clergy and lawyers
Use of JP’s and Sheriffs in order ot control countryside
Key figures e.g reginald bray, empson and dudley
Henry 7 Consolidation of Power
Use of Carrots and Sticks in order to control the nobility
Dated his reign to 21st of August a day before his victory in order to punish his opposition
Use of knightships to publicly reward his supporters - 11 given
Marriage to Elizabeth of York to unite families and birth of the heir Arthur in 1486
Foreign Policy under H7
1489 Treaty of Redon with Brittany, aimed to resolve the French conflict but failed as Anne of Brittany ended in a forced marriace with the french king = failure
1489 Treaty of Medina Del Campo with Spain, marriage treaty with Spain betwen Arthur and Catherine of Aragon
1502 Treaty of Etaples with France, invade France while they are in conflict with Italy, secured a peace treaty and an annual pension of £5000
Henry 7 Society
Cloth trade as the largets industry (90 % of all exports)
Yorkshire (1489) and Cornish (1497)
Enclosure
Majority of Cloth Exports to Netherlands
Commoners had insecure incomes, conditions improve under H7
Henry 7 Religion
Good relations with pope, relations with Catholic Countries such as Spain - Treaty of Medina Del Campo
Pious, close to deeply pious mother argaret Beaufort
8000 churches
Lollards were a small number who believed that the Catholic church was corrupt and favored an english bible
Henry 8 Governance
Promote Factionalism
Wolsey established Eltham Ordinances in 1526 to reorganise in hopes to secure crown finance - Boosted wolsey popularity
Parliament called 9 times, Wolsey reluctant to rely on it
Privy council reduced in numbers in 1530’s
Cromwell created 4 new revenue courts
Henry 8 Economy
Amicable Grant 1525 imposed by Wolsey to tax laity between 1/6 and 1/10 of volue of goods led to a rebellion of 4000 people
Increase in Woollen cloth exports by almost 2x
Yes money gained through the dissolution of the 800 monasteries but most of land was sold in order to fund wars
Dissolution raised 1.3 million
Henry 8 Foreign Policy
1518 Treaty of London, Arranged by Wolsey in denfiance to the Poe’s call for Pilgrimage, Treaty signed by powers such as Spain, France, Burgundy and the Holy Roman Empire
1520 Field of the Cloth of Gold, organised by Wolsey attended by France and England to show their wealth
1513 campaign in France claim Tournai and Therouanne but overall invaded 3 times (1512-13, 1522-25, 1544-46)
1513 Battle of Flodden, Scot invades England but relative peace as Margaret (Henry’s sister) becomes Queen Regent
Henry 8 Society
Population increase
44 - 46 debasement of the coinage
Cloth trade increases by 2x
Poor Harvests (20 - 21 and 27-29) led to an increase in food prices
Decrease in real wages in the 1540’s
Growth in the professional class and the peerage
Spreading education led to an increased anticlerical attitude
Henry 8 religion
Pope initially rewarded Henry the title of the ‘Defender of the Faith’
1527 desire to divorce from Catherine thwarted by Pope who was on the side of Charles and Catherine
1534 royal supremacy Henry becomes ‘Supreme head of the church of England’
1534 made treasonable to deny Henrys right to be the head of the church of England
1533 Act in restraint of Appeals, allowed Cranmer to annul marriage and made it illegal to make legal claims to the Pope
1533 Act of restraint of Annates, stop annates going to Rome
Pilgrimage of Grace 1536 against the dissolution of the Monasteries
1539 Act of dissolution of the larger monasteries
Act of 10 articles 1536, redeuce sacraments from 7 to 3
Henry Excommunicated 1538
Act of 6 articles 1539, reinstate all 7 sacraments
Edward Somerset and Northumberland
Somerset is Ed’s uncle and is in control of the regency council
Somerset is protector from 47 - 49, he split the council by pitting members against each other in order to take control
Somerset sympathetic to protestantism but aware that any major changes would cause divisions in England e.g pilgrimage of Grace
Biggest issue growing issue with inflation following Debasement of the coinage under somerset
Somerset obsessed with defeating the Scots, battle of Pinkie, led to further faiilure as MQOS marries the French Dauphin
Somerset fell due to the Wstern Rebellion and Kett’s rebellion in 1549, arrested and charged with treason, executed in 1552
Northumberland put down the rebellions of 1549, aimed to restore law and order in rural areas
Northumberland ended the war with france
by returning Boulogne and in return recieving 133,333
Northumberland attempted ot place LJG in power following the death of Edward using the Devyse but was inevitably unsuccessul following the rise of Mary 1
Edward VI Foreign Policy
1547 Intended marriage between Ed and MQOS but not agreed upon, France renew the auld alliance and MQOS is engaged to the French Dauphin
1547 Battle of Pinkie, English Victory but France takes MQOS
1550 Treaty of Boulogne between France and England, England return Boulogne to France, in return they get £133,333
Ed Religious and Economic changes
Battle of Pinkie with Scotland cost £600,000
Act of Uniformity 1549 first major religious change under Ed, makes english the primary language of worship
1549 Prayer Book rebellion, over new book of common prayer
The Devyse attempted to change the succession from Mary to LJG for religious reasons
Northumberland more radical in order to gain support from Edward - stone altars removed from Church, Service modeled after Calvinist and Lutheran systems
1552 Second book of common prayer
Mary foreign Policy
1554 Approved marriage to Philip of Spain
1557 England sends troops to the Netherlands
1557 England decares war on France
1558 Capture of Calais by the french
Mary I religious and economic changes
Improvements made to the court of the Exchequer
Marian gov became more active in poor relief
Recoinage increased Crown’s finances
Religiously divided country
1556-58 poor harvest and influenze major issues
Repealed religious laws made by Edward
Act of repeal revoked royal supremacy and reinstated Papal Supremacy (1553)
Heresy laws reinstated (1555)
Burned 289 protestants
Liz later years
Victory and legacy of the Armada 1588
Opening of theaters, intoduction of Shakespeare and Marlowe (opportunity for all)
Essex rebellion 1601 and internal conflicts between Robert Cecil and Essex
Death of Cecil and Liz’s key councillors
Liz Society
Population grows by around 1 million
Increased concerned with the Deserving vs the undeserving poor (1570 survey in Norwich)- found that 40% of the poor were under 16, 80% of family’s income spent on bread
More people meant landowners charged more for rent
Bad harvests in 50’s, 60’s and 70’s
JP’s organise the poor relief
1572 vagabonds act, vagrants were punished by death if caught 3 times
Northern Rebellion 69, goal to place MQOS on the throne, 800 hanged
Essex Rebellion 1601
Elizabeth foreign policy
1562 Treaty of Hampton Court with the Huguenots
1559 - Treaty of Cateau - Cambresis ends French War, Eng keep calais for 5 years before returning it for 500,000
1570 Elizabeth is excommunicated
1572 Treaty of Blois trade agreement between England and France against Spain, but relations later strained after the ST Bsrtholomews massacre of 500 protestants
1568 English seized Spanish vessels and confiscated bullion they carriedwhich was intended to pay the Spanish army in the Netherlands
Convention of Nymegen in 1573, Elizabeth withdrew her support for English pirates in Caribbean
1570s/1580s Relations continued to deteriorate as privateers captured huge qualities of Spanish bullion on its way to Europe from the New World.
Influence of MQOS
Queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1586. Queen of France from 1560-1562.
Forced to abdicate in 86 escaped to England but put under house arrest
Executed in 87 after her involvement in the Babington plot
Wished to be recognised as Liz’s heir
Liz Government
William Cecils appointment, 1550: secretary of state / 1572: high treasurer / chief advisor = completely trusted by Elizabeth
Reduced size of her Privy council - allow effective working / 10 members VS previous Mary’s 50
- 438 acts passed by her parliament
Factions began to emerge in the 1590’s with the feud between Robert Cecil and the Earl of Essex
- Debt only raised by £123,000 since 1558 - just under £3000 debt per year
Issues in the 1590’s and 1600’s after the death of William Cecil, Essex dilemma
Elizabeth Religion
1559
Religious Settlement, acts of Uniformity and Supremacy
1566
Puritans Vestarian controversy
1570
Pope Excommunicated Elizabeth
1571
Publication of Papal Bulls in Eng became treasonable
1572
The Admonition of Parliament by John Field and Wilcox is published demanding greater reliance on scriptures from elders rather than bishops (Authors were imprisoned)
1580
Jesuit priests arrive
1583
Archbishop of Canterbury released the three articles which demanded the clergy to;
Accept the Royal Supremacy
Accept the Prayer book
1593
Arrests of Separatists
1595
Lambeth Articles reaffirmed the Calvinist beliefs and proved acceptable to both Puritans and their opposition
Northern Rebellion of 1569 desires to place MQOS on the throne
