Dissent and Revolution Flashcards by emily bo

By 1905 how much of the worlds land mass did Russia cover?

1/6

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At the beginning of the 20th century what was Russia’s population?

126 million

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Bloody Sunday 1905

January 1905

Protesters marched to the Winter Palace due to social discontent

Peaceful protest

Troops fired and killed 1000 protesters

Tsar blamed for Violence

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1905 Revolution

Sparked by Russo-Japanese war

Catalyst Bloody Sunday

Encouragement for Kulaks to buy Peasants Land which led to a production increase but alienated poorer peasants

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October 1905

October Manifesto

Tsar promises Social Liberties

Promised Duma (elected parliament) but limited power

End to Press Censorship

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When was Pravda created?

1912

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During what 1914 Battle were 300,000 lost?

Battle of Tannenberg

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1914

Outbreak of WW1

St. Petersburg renamed to Petrograd (St P sounded more too German)

Morale initially high but the loss of 300,000 and the emergency retreat following the Battle of Tannenberg led to a decline

Famine Increased and Railway Systems Collapsed

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How many workers were on strike from January to July 1914?

145,000

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Social Structure

By 1900, 80% of pop were peasants

Tsar ruled under an Autocracy - used Okhrana (secret police) to control the pop

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Which Groups opposed the Tsar?

Liberals - Included the Kadets, favoured reform

Social Democrats - Split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks

Social Revolutionaries - Represented Peasant interests, suffered from internal conflicts

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February/March Revoltion 1917

14th Feb 100,000 workers on strike

25th Feb 250,000 on strike, all major businesses closed and Civilians killed bby police

26th Feb Tsar orders Protestors to be killed, 40 dead but police mutiny, Duma and Revolutionaries intent to take over gov

2nd March Tsar abdicates and nominates his brother but he refuses, Provisisonal Gov is formed to replace Tsar’s government

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What caused the Feb/Mar Revolution

Shortages and Inflation caused by war

Short Term trigger by Bread Rations

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How much did Russia Spend of the War effort 1914-17?

Gov. spending increased from 4 million to 30 million roubles

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Why were food supplies so low by the Feb Rev?

Requisitioning of horses by the military made agriculture difficult

Inflation meant trade was unprofitable so farmers hoarded their goods

Army has first claim to any food

By 1917 Petrograd was rationed less than 1/4 of what they were in 1914

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Provisional Gov

Not elected but gained acceptance from the nobility, Britain and France

Comprised of the middle to Upper Class

Opposed by Bolsheviks

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Dual Authority

Petrograd Soviet (Represented the workers, soldiers etc) and the Provisional Government (Represented old Tsarists)

Role of Petrograd Soviet

Initially regarded it’s role as supervisory to ensure that the wants of the soldiers and workers was understood

Uncertainty of the Provisional Government gave the Petrograd Soviets more power

Rules decided by the PG were not enforcde unliss agreed to by the PS

Lenin’s return

April 1917

Following Tsar’s abdication

Return supported by Germany who hoped that if Bolsheviks gained power Russia would frop out of the war effort

Immediately condemned the Dual Authority

Lenin’s April Thesis

Stop supporting other parties
Overthrow Provisional Government
Transfer power to the workers
‘Peace, Land and Bread’
End War Effort

Milyukov Letter

Milyukov Letter leaked April 1917, showed PG intended to continue the war effort, protests resulted supporting the Bolsheviks

Led to more Mensheviks forming the Dual Authority

July Days

Government no longer in control of the people, Peasant land seizures, workers control of factories

Large Scale demonstrations, public protests

Rising disorganised so PG dealt with relative ease

July Days

Kronstadt Naval Base soldiers organised an armed demonstration while chanting Bolshevik slogans

Bolsheviks blamed for uprising and arrested, Lening and Stalin escape

Prince Lvov resigned leaving Kerensky in charge of Dual Authority

Kornilov Coup

1917 General Kornilov placed in charge of the Russian Army, strong right - wind beliefs

Ordered Soldiers to march to Petrograd in hopes of a Military Coup

In fear, Kerensky agrees to release the Bolsheviks and arm civilians in order to protect the Capital

Reasons for fall of Dual Authority

Strength of Lenin and the Bolsheviks Slogan 'Peace, land and Bread' Failure ot deal with Kornilov Coup, July Days and Leadership issues

Causes of the October 1917 Revolution

Growing discontent against the Dual Authority arrangement Growing popularity of the Bolshevik party Land seizures by Peasants still occuring Members of the Petrograd Soviet supported the Bolsheviks PG very weak, Russia face major food shortages

Bolshevik's Urgency pre revolution

Desire to be in power before the constituent assembly, even if they lost their rule could not be challenged as easily

Kerensky's revolution actions

Zinoviev and Kamenev published an article stating that the Bolshevik Coup would fail to overthrow the gov, Kerensky thought this meant a date was set and in October the government took over the pravda office Set up the military revolutionary committee (MRC) to defend Petrograd from a potential german invasion or another Kornilov-affair

Trotsky's role in the revolution

Trotsky organised the Bolshevik party for the revolution Trotsky has a chairmanship of the Petrograd Soviet Realised that if they had control of the MRC they would have control over Petrograd, trotsky allowed himself to be elected to control the MRC Orchestrated the red army in their capture of key facilities such as Bridges

How many days did it take for Petrograd to fall to Bolshevik Control?

3 days

How many people died during the October Revolution?

Course of the October Revolution

25th October, Red Army enter the Winter Palace, some Mensheviks and Right Wing SR's protest Bolshevik actions 26th October, All remaining members of the Provisional Government are arrested, congress votes to take power into its own hands, agree to Lenins Decree on Peace 27th October, Congress agrees to Lenin's decree on Land, Sovnarkom set up

Debate over the extent of the Revolution

Rev only included 25000 - 35000 people Only 6 died

Russia pre revolution, literacy rates?

21% literate

Russia pre revolution, deaths due to infectious disease?

1/3 of deaths due to infectious disease (poor hygiene and densely populated)

By 1917 what population of people worked in Agriculture?

80%

Economic and Social State of Russia pre rev

To fund war gov. increased taxes Shortage of men in countryside due to war conscriptions

Bolsheviks and Mensheviks

The group who followed Lenin were the Bolsheviks; a small group of committed revolutionaries. Lenin felt organisation & unity were crucial, the Bolsheviks wanted to push events, not just allow them to unfold The other group were known as the Mensheviks; a larger party, as they were open to taking on new, less radical members. Although they were ideologically similar to the Bolsheviks, they were seen as more moderate

First Constituent Assembly

Mensheviks condemn the revolution and claim it wouldn't last Lenin decided not to rule through the Congress of Soviets - Social Revolutionaries won 53% of votes during the constituent assembly Lenin very angry and decided to shut down the Constituent Assembly

Sovnarkom

Set up by Lenin, small committee of ministers comprised of mainly Bolsheviks

Sovnarkom Decrees

Decree of Peace - end war Decree on Land - Private Ownership of land made illegal, peanants encourgaed to take land from nobility Decree on Workers - Workers allowed to take power from Management Decree on Class - Titles abolished, women given rights to own property Decree on Banks - All Banks nationalised