Esophageal pathology

Question 1

Dysphagia 2 types:

Answer 1

It is the difficulty in the transport of bolus from oral cavity to the stomach

Oropharyngeal = Difficulty initiating swallowing because of neurological or obstruction problems (tumor, abscess)

Esophageal = Sensation of food in stuck in throat because of mechanical obstruction Zenker’s esophageal pouches (diverticula), vertebral osteophytes.

Question 2

ESOPHAGEAL ALTERATIONS: Achalasia

Answer 2

There is retentoin of ingested food and secretions (salivary and esophageal) that dilate the esophagus.

Question 3

ESOPHAGEAL ALTERATIONS: Nutcracker esophagus

Answer 3

• Normal peristalsis

- Interrupted by wide and powerful contractions may or may not affect the LES

Question 4

ESOPHAGEAL ALTERATIONS: Diffuse esophageal spasm

Answer 4

Recurrent chest pain that resembles

coronary angina.

Question 5

GERD

Answer 5

Defined as the passage of stomach contents into the esophagus due to incompetence of the barriers of the gastroesophageal junction.

Question 6

Main anatomical alteration for GERD:

Answer 6

Hiatal hernia

Question 7

Symptoms GERD

Answer 7

Retrosternal heartburn
Chest pain
Regurgitations
Dysphagia 
Coughing

Question 8

Complications of GERD

Answer 8

Peptic ulcer = exposure to acid in last third of esophagus

Barrets esophagus = Epithelium is modified

Esophagueal adenocarcinoma = REFLUX → ESOPHAGITIS → BARRETT’S ESOPHAGUS → DYSPLASIA → ADENOCARCINOMA.

Question 9

Esophagitis

Answer 9

Inflammation of esopaghus caused by GERD

Question 10

Diagnostic test for Esophagus

Answer 10

Radiology
Endoscopy
Manometry= measure pressure of LES and peristaltic movements