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Preeti: SAM II > Esophageal Diseases > Flashcards

Esophageal Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between the canine and feline esophagus?

A

Canines have striated mm. the entire length of the esophagus

Felines have smooth muscle in the distal portion

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2
Q

This is the outermost layer of the esophagus

A

Adventitia

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3
Q

The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is also known as the

A

cardia

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4
Q

Vomiting or Regurgitation?

Abdominal contractions are present

A

Vomiting

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5
Q

Vomiting or Regurgitation?

Sphincters actively open and relax

A

Vomiting

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6
Q

What is the MOA of vomiting?

A

Reverse peristalsis from the stomach or duodenum

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7
Q

What is the MOA of regurgitation?

A

Backflow from the esphagus or pharynx

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8
Q

Vomiting or Regurgitation?

Which one is esophageal disease associated with?

A

REGURGITATION

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9
Q

If esophageal disease is suspected, what is the location

of the radiographs you would take?

A

Neck and thorax (with contrast)

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10
Q

When taking rads for suspected esophageal disease,

you’re evaluating for compressive lesions in these 2 locations

A

Intrathoracic

or

Cervical

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11
Q

The best method to evaluate peristalsis and swallowing

A

Fluoroscopy

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12
Q

Inflammation of the esophageal mucosa

A

Esophagitis

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13
Q

How is esophagitis diagnosed and what are the findings?

A

Endoscopy- erythemic and edematous mucosa

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14
Q

How is esophagitis treated?

A

Pain meds- Buprenorphine, Tramadol, Fentanyl Patch

Sucralfate or Carafate

Antacid (PPI- Omeprazole)

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15
Q

What are 3 risks associated with esophageal foreign bodies?

A

perforation

stricture

fistulae/diverticulae

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16
Q

If an esophageal foreign body is pushed into the stomach,

what medicine is contraindicated?

A

H2 blockers (Famotidine, Ranitidine, Cimetidine)

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17
Q

What is the tx for esophageal stricture?

A

Balloon dilation

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18
Q

an outpouching of mucosa through the muscular layer of the esophagus

is known as

A

Esophageal diverticulae

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19
Q

How is esophageal diverticulae diagnosed?

A

Rads or Fluoroscopy with contrast

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20
Q

The formation of esophageal diverticulae is secondary to

________ or congenital

A

trauma

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21
Q

Larger esophageal diverticulae are associated with

what 4 conditions?

A

impactions

esophagitis

rupture

pyothorax

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22
Q

Severe generalized dilation with

severely decreased or absent peristalsis of the esophagus

A

Megaesophagus

23
Q

Thin linear soft tissue lines on a thoracic radiograph

is indicative of this esophageal condition

A

Megaesophagus

24
Q

Congenital megaesophagus is due to

abnormal ________

A

neuromuscular innervation

25
Q

What breeds are predisposed to congenital megaesophagus?

A

Sharpei, Fox Terrier, GSD, Labs, Danes, Irish Setters, Mini Schnauzers, Newfies

Siamese Cats

26
Q

T/F:

Congenital megaesophagus may improve with time

A

TRUE

27
Q

What are the causes of acquired megaesophagus?

A

Idiopathic

Primary CNS (brainstem lesion, Myasthenia Gravis)

Endocrine (Hypothyroid, Addison’s)

Lead Toxicity

28
Q

What esophageal condition is associated with

lead toxicity?

A

Acquired Megaesophagus

29
Q

What are some methods of treating megaesophagus?

A 
Nutritional support (smaller frequent meals, thick-it, elevated food bowls)
Feeding tubes

Treatment of the underlying disease

30
Q

What is the prognosis for megaesophagus?

A

Fair to good when interventions work

Guarded to poor in MG crisis or aspiration pneumonia

31
Q

A developmental abnormality in which an abnormal

vessel entraps the thoracic esophagus

A

Vascular ring anomaly

32
Q

What is the most common vascular ring anomaly?

A

PRAA

persistent right aortic arch

33
Q

T/F:

Vascular ring anomalies like PRAA are much more common in cats

A

FALSE!

More common in dogs

34
Q

What breeds are predisposed

to vascular ring anomalies (like PRAA)?

A

Boston terrier, Irish setter, GSD

Persians, Siamese

35
Q

A young irish setter presents with intermittent regurgitation,

unthriftiness, poor hair coat, and signs of aspiration pneumonia.

What is your primary ddx and what would you do to confirm?

A

Vascular ring anomaly (PRAA)

Imaging! Rads, Fluoroscopy, CT

36
Q

What is the treatment for PRAA?

A

Surgical correction

37
Q

Cystic nodules in the esophageal wall are seen

as dense masses on radiographs of a dog from Mississippi.

What is your primary ddx?

A

Spirocerca Lupi

38
Q

T/F:

Fecal evaluation is a good way to diagnose spirocerca lupi infection

A

FALSE!

If there is no fistula allowing larva to pass into the alimentary tract,

S. lupi will not be detected in fecal! Use rads instead!

39
Q

What is a complication seen sometimes in Hounds with

Spirocerca lupi infections?

A

Cyst→Granuloma→Sarcoma with Mets

40
Q

This is a potentially fatal complication associated with

Spirocerca lupi infection

A

Aortic aneurysm (fatal bleeds)

41
Q

A complication sometimes seen with Spirocerca lupi infections

includes hypertrophic osteopathy associated with neoplasia.

Exostosis can be seen on rads in this location

A

Between thoracic vertebrae

42
Q

This intermediate host is necessary in the life cycle

of spirocerca lupi

A

Dung beetle

43
Q

Spirocerca lupi larvae mature into adult worms in the _______

A

aorta

44
Q

What preventatives are used in endemic regions

against spirocerca lupi?

A

Moxidectin/Imidacloprid

45
Q

Spirocerca lupi is often too advanced to treat,

but can try these drugs

A

Doramectin

or

Ivermectin + Prednisolone

46
Q

Which breeds are predisposed to esophageal hiatal hernias?

A

Sharpei, English bulldog, French bulldog

47
Q

A Type 1 Esophageal Hiatal Hernia is also known as a

_______ hernia

A

sliding

48
Q

What is the difference between a Type 1 and Type 2

Esophageal Hiatal Hernia?

A

In type 1 - LES and gastric fundus are displaced

In type 2- only the gastric fundus is displaced

49
Q

T/F:

The best way to dx an esophageal hiatal hernia is endoscopy

A

FALSE!

Rads + Contrast + Fluoroscopy

50
Q

T/F:

Neoplasia of the esophagus is very rare

A

TRUE

51
Q

What are the 3 types of primary neoplasias that can occur in

the esophagus?

A

SCC

Leiomyosarcoma

Sarcoma

52
Q

Which cancers can metastasize to the esophagus?

A

Thyroid

Mammary

Lymphoma

53
Q

How is esophageal neoplasia diagnosed and what is the

prognosis?

A

Endoscopy and biopsy

VERY POOR PROGNOSIS with esophageal neoplasia :(

Preeti: SAM II (6 decks)

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