Diarrhea Flashcards by Preeti Gulve

Q

The ______ intestine absorbs almost all nutrients

A

small

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Q

What facilitates breakdown of food particles into molecules

in the SI?

A

Bile

Pancreatic Enzyme

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Q

Acute Diarrhea is considered < _______ weeks

Chronic is > _______ weeks

A

Acute: < 3 weeks

Chronic: >3 weeks

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Q

Absorption of water depends on ________

A

solutes

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Q

If solutes are not absorbed, water remains in the lumen

and ______ diarrhea occurs

A

osmotic

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Q

If secretion of water into the lumen exceeds reabsorption,

_______ diarrhea results, and is caused by bacterial toxins

or other agents that open channels to allow water loss

A

secretory

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Q

Infection of the SI can cause

water and nutrients to not be absorbed, resulting in ______ diarrhea,

and

destruction of the SI leading to exudation of serum and blood can

result in _________ diarrhea.

A

Osmotic

Secretory

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Q

Inflammatory cytokines from inflammatory cells

induces _______ diarrhea

A

secretory

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Q

Inflammation can cause loss of epithelium, which is replaced

by immature cells which are less functional.

This can cause malabsorption leading to ______ diarrhea

A

osmotic

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Q

Increased motility leads to decreased absorption

leading to ______ diarrhea

A

osmotic

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Q

Which types of metabolic endocrine disorders can

cause diarrhea?

A

Hyperthyroid

Addison’s

Diabetes

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Q

Small Bowel vs. Large Bowel Diarrhea?

Weight loss possible

A

Small bowel

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Q

Small Bowel vs. Large Bowel Diarrhea?

Vomiting

A

Small

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Q

Small Bowel vs. Large Bowel Diarrhea?

Flatulence

A

small (with malabsorption)

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Q

Small Bowel vs. Large Bowel Diarrhea?

Marked increase in defecation frequency

A

LARGE bowel

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Q

Small Bowel vs. Large Bowel Diarrhea?

Increased fecal VOLUME

A

SMALL bowel

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Q

Small Bowel vs. Large Bowel Diarrhea?

Tenesmus

A

Large

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Q

Small Bowel vs. Large Bowel Diarrhea?

Mucous in feces

A

Large

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Q

Small Bowel vs. Large Bowel Diarrhea?

Hematochezia

A

Large

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Q

Small Bowel vs. Large Bowel Diarrhea?

Melena

A

SMALL

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Q

Small Bowel vs. Large Bowel Diarrhea?

Steatorrhea possible

A

SMALL

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Q

Small Bowel vs. Large Bowel Diarrhea?

Dyschezia

A

LARGE

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Q

Gray, greasy poop is indicative of

A

Pancreas or biliary issue

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Q

Orange or yellow feces is indicative of

A

Biliary or Liver issues

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Green feces is indicative of

Gall bladder issues

Black and tarry feces is indicative of

Bleeding in upper GIT

T/F: Uremia can cause melena

TRUE

T/F: Liver disease can cause melena

TRUE

T/F: Mastocytosis can cause melena

TRUE

How is acute diarrhea (\<3weeks) treated?

Symptomatic Tx: Diet Psyllium Metronidazole

How is chronic diarrhea (\> 3weeks) treated if systemically well?

Determine if it is small or large bowel and go from there

What diagnostics are used in determining cause of diarrhea?

Rectal exam Big 4/QATS and Fecal

What diagnostics are used in cases of diarrhea (acute or chronic) where the patient is systemically UNWELL?

QATS, BP CBC, Chem, UA, Fecal Imaging, rads

Hypoalbuminemia is seen on CHEM in which 3 primary GI diseases?

PLE Neoplasia Pythiosis

Decreased TT4 and Normal FT4 indicates this

Sick euthyroid syndrome

Ova and parasites like coccidia can be seen on this type of fecal analysis

simple saline float

Inflammatory or neoplastic cells, campylobacter, and clostridium can be seen on this method of fecal analysis

Stained smear slide/ rectal scrape

Ova, parasites, and Giardia can be seen on this method of fecal analysis

Zinc centrifugation

What is included on a GI Panel?

B12 Folate TLI PLI

What does low B12 on a GI Panel indicate?

Malabsorption from primary GI dz or EPI

What does low Folate on a GI Panel indicate?

Malabsorption

What does HIGH folate on a GI Panel indicate?

Dysbiosis

What does LOW TLI on a GI Panel indicate?

EPI (Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency)

What does HIGH PLI (pancreatic lipase) on a GI Panel indicate?

Concurrent pancreatitis

T/F: B12 and Folate on a GI Panel can tell you the type of GI disease present, or rule out GI disease

FALSE!! Cannot do either of these things

Speckling seen on US indicates

Inflammatory dz

Striations seen on US indicates

Lymphangestasia

Starting at the top white layer in an ultrasound and alternating to the bottom layer, what is the order of layers of the intestinal wall?

Lumen Mucosa (thickest black layer) Submucosa Muscularis (black) Serosa

What would you expect to see on US of the intestines in a cat with lymphoma?

Muscularis thickening (should not be thicker than the mucosa layer)

For fecal occult blood testing, the patient cannot eat ___ at least 48 hours before testing

meat

Fecal Alpha Proteinase Inhibitor increases with GI ______ loss

protein

Fecal Alpha Proteinase Inhibitor testing is useful for differentiating \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ from other causes of low albumin

PLE

This is a marker of inflammation in people with Colitis and Chron's Disease

pANCAs

What are the 2 choices for helicobacter triple tx?

Amoxicillin, **Clariththromycin**, Metronidazole Amoxicillin, **Bismuth Subsalicylate**, Metronidazole

What Rx diet is used to tx diarrhea?

Hill's W/d

\_\_\_\_\_ drugs can deplete Folic Acid/ B9

sulfa

This topical activity steroid is 15X more potent than prednisolone and has less systemic side effects

Budesonide

Which immune modulatory drug used in the tx of diarrhea ## Footnote **reduces cell mediated immune responses (T-cell suppression)?**

Atopica/Cyclosporine

Which immune modulatory drug used in the tx of diarrhea ## Footnote **Inhibits lymphocyte activation and proliferation?**

Azathioprine

Which immune modulatory drug used in the tx of diarrhea ## Footnote **Cross links cells DNA to treat small cell lymphoma or** **high grade IBD?**

Chlorambucil

Which immune modulatory drug used in the tx of diarrhea ## Footnote **should NEVER BE USED IN CATS?**

Azathioprine

This drug is used for **large bowel** diarrhea, and is cleaved into active components in the colon. It also has antibacterial and antiinflammatory actions

Sulfasalazine

What drug used in the treatment of diarrhea is **radiopaque** and causes **dark stools**?

Bismuth Subsalicylate!!

These are living microorganisms used to impart health benefits

Probiotics

These are dietary carbohydrates used to stimulate growth and metabolism of enteric protective bacteria

PRE-biotics

Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria are

probiotics

Bran, psyllium, lactosucrose, and fructoligosaccharides are

PRE-biotics

These two things are natural anticoagulants

Antithrombin Protein C

The breakdown product of cross-linked fibrin

D-Dimers

Factor 7 and the EXtrinsic pathway are tested by this coagulation test

PT

Factors 8, 9, 11, 12, and the intrinsic pathway ## Footnote are tested by this coagulation test

PTT