ESOL - language learning Flashcards
Students find similarities with L1 and L2 and use them to aid.
Positive transfer
Students incorrectly apply rules from L1 to L2
Negative transfer - Interference
What is another term for negative transfer?
Interference
Students mix words from L1 into L2 when they have forgotten a term or don’t know how to explain themselves.
Code-switching
Students substitute sounds from L1 to ones they think are the same in L2
accents
What are the 5 stages of 2nd language acquisition?
Preproduction
Early production
Speech emergence
Intermediate fluency
Advanced fluency
Known as the silent period. Learns have up to 500 words, refrain from speaking.
Preproduction
Learners can produce single-word and two-three word phrases, respond to simple questions.
Early production
Learners chunk simple words & phrases into sentences that may or may not be grammatically correct. More likely to participate in conversation. Simple readings.
Speech emergence
Learners can speak in more complex sentences & catch/correct own errors. Willing to ask questions when don’t understand. Large gaps in vocab, but communicate fairly well.
Intermediate fluency
Cognitive language proficiency reached, complex multiphrase sentences, essentially fluent.
Advanced fluency
Learner’s present understanding of the language he/she is learning - rule based system that develops over time. Blends aspects of L1 with L2
Interlanguage
Which approach is based on principle that second languages should be acquired much the same way as first languages?
Direct method (natural method)
Approach - students acquire targeted vocabulary through repeated exposure
AUTHENTIC learning experiences
Oral language skills emphasized, students NOT required to speak
Students provided materials to learn at own pace
Native language is NEVER used, translations NOT provided
Direct method (natural method)
Approach - Students taught in L1 to learn L2 by focusing on grammatical rules of L2
Development of reading and writing
Not required to speak in L2
Grammar-translation method
Approach - oral-based approach used by linguists and behaviorists
Teaches L2 through repetition
Repetitive exercises that emphasize grammatical structural patterns/vocab
Rewarded for correct responses
Audio-Linguial method
Approach - combination of several methods
Successful outcome comes from need to communicate real meaning
Required to use real communication
CLT and TBI
Communicative approach
Approach - students ability to communicate through interaction - CLT
Communicative language teaching CLT
Approach - lessons designed around completiton of tasks that are assigned by teacher, or selected by students
Activites have real outcomes, are more authentic
No direct grammar instruction
Task-based instruction TBI
Approach - acquire skills by listening to and following commands
Specifically for beginners
Facial expressions and gestures helpful
Students NOT required to speak
Total physical response TPR
Approach - teachers as quiet as possible in lessons to promote student experimentation and participation
Students encouraged to correct for themselves
Translation/repetition/rote memorization avoided
Pronunciation encouraged
The Silent Way
What are the 8 steps of the SIOP Model?
- Lesson Preparation
- Building background
- Comprehensible input
- Learning strategies
- Interaction
- Practice and application
- Lesson delivery
- Review and assessment
Approach - building blocks of language learning and communication are not grammar, functions, notions, or some other unit of planning and teaching but words and word combinations.
Fixed terms/phrases taught
Lexical approach
Activity in which words are removed from a passage for a learner to fill in as an exercise in reading comprehension.
Cloze activity
Approach - meaningful chunks and phrases
Taught grammar patterns
Only minority of language is novel
Lexical approach
Approach - Language = complex set of grammatical rules
Taught one at a time
Predetermined order
Structural approach
Approach - start at the top, work down
Ability to communicate = goal
Grammar/conventions will follow
Collaborations & background = important
Whole Language Approach
Approach - student speaks, teacher writes down said speech verbatim
Use said text as reading material
Material to teach comes from student
Language Experience Approach
