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Watershed Management > EROSION > Flashcards

EROSION Flashcards

1
Q

______ is the earth’s fragile skin that anchors all life on Earth. It is comprised of countless species that create a dynamic and complex ecosystem and is among the most precious resources to humans.

A

Soil

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2
Q
  • the mechanical process of wearing or grinding something down
  • geological process in which earthen materials are worn away and transported by natural forces such as wind or water
  • physical process in which soil, rock, and other surface material are removed from one location and transported to another
A

Erosion

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3
Q

TYPES OF EROSION:

A

a. WIND EROSION
b. GULLY EROSION
c. RILL EROSION
d. WATER EROSION
e. SHEET EROSION
f. ATTRITION
g. ABRASION
h. SPLASH
i. TUNNEL
j. GLACIAL

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4
Q

______ (or eolian) erosion (named after Aeolus, the Greek god of winds) and occurs almost always in deserts.

A

aeolian

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5
Q

__________ of sand in the desert is partially responsible for the formation of sand dunes. The power of the wind erodes rock and sand.

A

Aeolian erosion

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6
Q

rill erosion is form of water erosion in which the erosion takes place through numerous narrow and more or not so straight channels called _________.

A

streamlets or head cuts

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7
Q

_____ is the most common form of erosion, which you can also observe during heavy rain.

A

Rill

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8
Q

It is the uniform removal of soil in thin layers from the land surface caused by the wind. Land areas with loose, shallow topsoil overlying compact soil are most prone to ________

A

SHEET EROSION

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9
Q

_______ occurs due to the runoff of surface water, causing the removal of soil with drainage lines.

A

Gully erosion

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10
Q

______ when started once, will move by headward erosion or even by slumping of side walls unless and un-till proper steps will be taken in order to stabilize the disturbance.

A

Gullies

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11
Q

results from the bombardment of the soil surface by rain drops.

A

SPLASH EROSION

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12
Q

The erosion due to the impact of falling raindrops on the soil surface leading to the destruction of the crumb structure is known as ______________

A

raindrop or splash erosion.

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13
Q

the removal of subsoil. When water penetrates through a soil crack or a hole where a root has decayed, the soil disperses and is carried away with the flow to leave a small tunnel.

A

TUNNEL EROSION

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14
Q

the process of erosion produced by the suspended particles that impact on solid objects. Windblown grains of sand, carried along at high speed, are a very effective tool that can sandblast away rocks by _______.

A

ABRASION EROSION

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15
Q

caused by the detachment and transport of soil by rainfall, runoff, melting snow or ice, and irrigation. occurs when rain or snowmelt displaces the soil on the ground.

A

WATER EROSION

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16
Q

Land that has ____________—including farm fields that are left barren after crop harvest—are especially vulnerable to water erosion

A

no vegetation

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17
Q

the process of erosion that occurs during rock collision and transportation.

A

ATTRITION EROSION

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18
Q

The transportation of sediment chips and smooths the surfaces of bedrock; this can be through water or wind. Rocks undergoing attrition erosion are often found on or near the bed of a stream

A

ATTRITON EROSION

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19
Q
  • this is when pebbles grind along a rock platform, much like sandpaper. Over time the rock becomes smooth.
A

Abrasion

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20
Q
  • this is when rocks that the sea is carrying knock against each other. They break apart to become smaller and more rounded.
A

Attrition

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21
Q

processes that occur directly in association with the movement of glacial ice over its bed, such as abrasion, quarrying, and physical and chemical erosion by subglacial meltwater, as well as from the fluvial and mass wasting processes that are enhanced or modified by glaciation.

A

GLACIAL EROSION

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22
Q

KINDS OF EROSION:

A

a. ACCELERATED
b. GEOLOGIC

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23
Q
  • Due to man made activities, which brought changes in natural land cover and soil conditions
A

ACCELERATED EROSION

24
Q

ACCELERATED EROSION activities include:

A
  • land preparation for raising crops
  • land use patterns for building houses, infrastractures, industries, hill cutting, deforestation, lack of soil concervation and watershed management.
25
Q

________ happens when the rate of soil loss is higher than the rate of soil formation.

A

Accelerated erosion

26
Q

__________ results from the removal of natural vegetation by human activities such as farming, ranching, forestry, and construction.

A

Accelerated erosion

27
Q
  • Production of agricultural and forest products can be affected by excessive erosion
A

ACCELERATED EROSION

28
Q

_____ is defined as an action of surface that removes soil particles and rocks from one location to another on the earth’s surface.

A

Erosion

29
Q

_______ occurs naturally, but human activities can make erosion occur.

A

Erosion

30
Q

The major causes of erosion are:

A

human activities and natural processes.

31
Q

_______ erosion caused by geological processes acting over long geologic periods and resulting in the wearing away of mountains, building up of floodplains, coastal plains, etc. Synonymous with natural erosion.

A

normal or natural

32
Q

This type of erosion contributes to the formation of soils and their distribution on the earth surface.

A

natural or normal erosion.

33
Q

The geologic erosion is a longtime eroding process.

A

natural or normal erosion.

34
Q

ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITIES:

A

HUMANS
NEEDS AND WANTS CHANGES IN NATURAL COVER AND SOIL CONDITIONS

35
Q

TYPES OF EROSION ACC. TO ACTIVE FORCES:

A

1.WIND EROSION
2. GRAVITY EROSION
c. WATER EROSION

36
Q

Erosion in low rainfall areas

A

WIND EROSION

37
Q

GRAVITY EROSION
Movement of soil due to its own weight:

A

a. SOIL CREEP
b. Landslide

38
Q
  • slow movement of soil sometimes not perceptible
A

SOIL CREEP

39
Q
  • sudden movement of landmass of soil and rocks
A

Landslide

40
Q

Landslide- sudden movement of landmass of soil and rocks caused by:

A

a. increased weight of soil
b. undercutting by stream banks
c. faulty drainage
d. cutting of trees
e. earthquake
f. internal movement in geologicformation

41
Q

Erosion caused by movement of water

A

WATER EROSION

42
Q

HUMAN INTERFERENCE CAUSING EROSION:

A

1.Logging and fuel cutting
2. kaingin making
6. improper dispossal of mining waste
3. forest fire and grassland burning
4. improper range management
5. road cuts
7. Improper drainage

43
Q

EFFECTS OF EROSION:

A

1.Deterioration of farmlands
2. Increase of floods
3. reduction of water supply
4. siltation of reservoirs, canals and rivers
5. Destruction of buildings, roads and other communication lines

44
Q

PREVENTIVE MEASURES AGAINST EROSION

A

1.educational campaign
2. fire prevention control
3. fencing
4. proper land use
5. proper range management
* prescribed burning
* pasture rotation
* pastural improvement

45
Q

EROSION CONTROL MEASURES:

A

1.ENGINEERING/ STRUCTURAL MEASURES
2. Biological/ Vegetative measure
3. Vengineering measures
4. Agroforestry
5.Reforestation/Afforestation

46
Q

ENGINEERING/ STRUCTURAL MEASURES:

A

A. Masonry
B. Concrete
C. Gabions

47
Q

-stone walls or riprapping with or without cement

A

Masonry

48
Q
  • cement with reinforcement bars
A

Concrete

49
Q
  • large rectangular wire crates that are filled with stones
A

Gabions

50
Q

Biological/ Vegetative measure:

A

A. Wattling
B. saturation planting
C. Bench brush layers
E. Fascines
F. Sodding

51
Q
  • interwove brush wood across slopes
A

Wattling

52
Q
  • plantng crops with very close spacing to cover the soil
A

saturation planting

53
Q
  • bundle of grassess laid across the slope
A

Fascines

54
Q
  • Matting the soil to grasses
A

Sodding

55
Q
  • combination of vegetative and engineering measures, which are usually established on the eroded areas for erosion control, and along creeks to trap sediments.
A

Vengineering measures

56
Q
  • land use management system, which combines the production of agricultura crops, forest trees and or livestock simultaneously or sequentially on the same unit of land.
A

Agroforestry

57
Q
  • the restoration of the original forest by planting seedlings
A

Reforestation/Afforestation

Watershed Management (10 decks)

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