Chapter 2 Flashcards
WATERSHED PROBLEMS:
a. Soil Erosion
b. Loss of Biodiversity
c. Declining land/site productivity
d. Microclimate deterioration
e. Low water quality and quantity
- WORST PROBLEM -74-81 MILLION TONS OF SOIL ARE LOST ANNUALLY FROM UPLAND
Soil Erosion
Type of Soil Erosion:
a. Gully Erosion
b. Rain Drop/Splash
c. Rill Erosion
d. Sheet Erosion
e. Stream Bank Erosion
- this is the formation of deep channels and large gullies that can cause extreme damage to the soil, removing huge amounts of soil and leading to increased contamination risks in stormwater.
- most dangerous erosion
Gully Erosion
Gully erosion is often caused by ____________ management choices, such as tilling up and down a slope instead of across it, or by __________ issues, such as blocked or poorly placed gutters or drainage channels.
poor agricultural; human-made drainage
- occurs when raindrops fall on the soil surface, carrying away small particles. This type of erosion is most common in areas with steep slopes or that experience a lot of heavy rainfall
- minimal cause
Rain Drop/Splash
- takes place during rain events - just in a different way. In this case, especially during heavy rain, narrow channels known as “streamlets” form and begin eroding away at the soil, leading to much larger channels and gullies over time.
Rill Erosion
- only removes thin layers of topsoil, but this can be enough to drastically reduce soil quality over time if not addressed properly.
Sheet Erosion
- takes place whenever a river or stream changes course, leading to the soil around it becoming vulnerable and easily eroded away.
Stream Bank Erosion
- erosion is usually due to natural events such as floods or heavy rains, but can also be caused by human-made waterway alterations or land use issues.
Stream Bank Erosion
- Species and habitat loss
LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY
Human-made changes to habitats refer to alterations in the natural environment caused by human activities. Here are some examples:
- Habitat Destruction
- Pollution
- Overexploitation of Resources
- Climate Change
- Soil fertility declines
DECLINING LAND/SITE PRODUCTIVITY
- Increasing temperature locally
MICROCLIMATE DETERIORATION
BENEFITS FROM SUCCESSFULLY MANAGED WATERSHED:
a. Economic
b. Social
c. Environmental Services
Economic:
a. Water Supply
b. Forestry
c. agriculture
d. Fishery
e. Mining
Social:
a. Ecotourism
b. Recreation
c. Historical
d. Cultural
e. Health
Environmental Services:
a. Biodiversity
b. Soil Conservation
c. Water Conservation
d. Oxygen Generation
e. Microclimate Amelioration
PRINCIPLES GOVERNING WATERSHED MANAGEMENT/DEVELOPMENT:
a. Holistic and Balanced Framework
b. Sustainable Management and Development
c. Participatory Approach and Equitability
d. Efficiency and Effectiveness
e. Multi Sectoral and Interdisciplinary Approach
*____________, views man and environment as a single system.
* intricately related to one another
Holistic in Ecology
- Its properties and behaviors are the products or the interactions between its components as influenced by other systems and factors around it.
Holistic and Balanced Framework
Holistic and Balanced Framework: It is a ____________, which easily responds to the alteration of almost any of its compartments. To manage its sustainability, it is therefore essential to treat all compartments with equal importance.
complex natural system
Single system balanced framework:
- physical
- biological
- social
- is meeting the needs of the present generations without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs.
Sustainable development
Sustainable Development:
- People
- Planet
- Partnership
- Prosperity
- Peace
- benefits derived from a watershed should be equitably shared among all stakeholders who are willing to participate and invest in the management of watershed resources.
Participatory approach and equitability
Some of the major watershed stakeholders include:
- the state,
- the forest communities,
- the local government units,
- water users, and
- the forest-based industry sector.
_____________ of major stakeholder is essential due to the complex nature of watershed ecosystem and the magnitude of tasks needed to be performed.
Sustainable participation
Economics financial resources are usually associated with watershed management for so many
years, money is always a constraint. It is therefore important that needs are properly identified and prioritized within the context of a sound management plan to meet whatever money is available that can be spent on project that are truly worthwhile and can most effectively address the prioritized needs.
Efficiency and Effectiveness
It is also important to ensure that land, water, timber and other watershed resources are allotted
and used efficiently. That is, environmental and economic benefits derived from resource use are maximized and the associated costs minimized.
Efficiency and Effectiveness
- All the agencies involved, including the community organizations/people.
- Field of experts
Multi- sectoral and Interdisciplinary Approach
