Chapter 2

Question 1

WATERSHED PROBLEMS:

Answer 1

a. Soil Erosion
b. Loss of Biodiversity
c. Declining land/site productivity
d. Microclimate deterioration
e. Low water quality and quantity

Question 2

• WORST PROBLEM -74-81 MILLION TONS OF SOIL ARE LOST ANNUALLY FROM UPLAND

Answer 2

Soil Erosion

Question 3

Type of Soil Erosion:

Answer 3

a. Gully Erosion
b. Rain Drop/Splash
c. Rill Erosion
d. Sheet Erosion
e. Stream Bank Erosion

Question 4

• this is the formation of deep channels and large gullies that can cause extreme damage to the soil, removing huge amounts of soil and leading to increased contamination risks in stormwater.
• most dangerous erosion

Answer 4

Gully Erosion

Question 5

Gully erosion is often caused by ____________ management choices, such as tilling up and down a slope instead of across it, or by __________ issues, such as blocked or poorly placed gutters or drainage channels.

Answer 5

poor agricultural; human-made drainage

Question 6

• occurs when raindrops fall on the soil surface, carrying away small particles. This type of erosion is most common in areas with steep slopes or that experience a lot of heavy rainfall
• minimal cause

Answer 6

Rain Drop/Splash

Question 7

• takes place during rain events - just in a different way. In this case, especially during heavy rain, narrow channels known as “streamlets” form and begin eroding away at the soil, leading to much larger channels and gullies over time.

Answer 7

Rill Erosion

Question 8

• only removes thin layers of topsoil, but this can be enough to drastically reduce soil quality over time if not addressed properly.

Answer 8

Sheet Erosion

Question 9

• takes place whenever a river or stream changes course, leading to the soil around it becoming vulnerable and easily eroded away.

Answer 9

Stream Bank Erosion

Question 10

• erosion is usually due to natural events such as floods or heavy rains, but can also be caused by human-made waterway alterations or land use issues.

Answer 10

Stream Bank Erosion

Question 11

• Species and habitat loss

Answer 11

LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY

Question 12

Human-made changes to habitats refer to alterations in the natural environment caused by human activities. Here are some examples:

Answer 12

• Habitat Destruction
• Pollution
• Overexploitation of Resources
• Climate Change

Question 13

• Soil fertility declines

Answer 13

DECLINING LAND/SITE PRODUCTIVITY

Question 14

• Increasing temperature locally

Answer 14

MICROCLIMATE DETERIORATION

Question 15

BENEFITS FROM SUCCESSFULLY MANAGED WATERSHED:

Answer 15

a. Economic
b. Social
c. Environmental Services

Question 16

Economic:

Answer 16

a. Water Supply
b. Forestry
c. agriculture
d. Fishery
e. Mining

Question 17

Social:

Answer 17

a. Ecotourism
b. Recreation
c. Historical
d. Cultural
e. Health

Question 18

Environmental Services:

Answer 18

a. Biodiversity
b. Soil Conservation
c. Water Conservation
d. Oxygen Generation
e. Microclimate Amelioration

Question 19

PRINCIPLES GOVERNING WATERSHED MANAGEMENT/DEVELOPMENT:

Answer 19

a. Holistic and Balanced Framework
b. Sustainable Management and Development
c. Participatory Approach and Equitability
d. Efficiency and Effectiveness
e. Multi Sectoral and Interdisciplinary Approach

Question 20

*____________, views man and environment as a single system.
* intricately related to one another

Answer 20

Holistic in Ecology

Question 21

• Its properties and behaviors are the products or the interactions between its components as influenced by other systems and factors around it.

Answer 21

Holistic and Balanced Framework

Question 22

Holistic and Balanced Framework: It is a ____________, which easily responds to the alteration of almost any of its compartments. To manage its sustainability, it is therefore essential to treat all compartments with equal importance.

Answer 22

complex natural system

Question 23

Single system balanced framework:

Answer 23

• physical
• biological
• social

Question 24

• is meeting the needs of the present generations without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs.

Answer 24

Sustainable development

Question 25

Sustainable Development:

Answer 25

• People
• Planet
• Partnership
• Prosperity
• Peace

Question 26

• benefits derived from a watershed should be equitably shared among all stakeholders who are willing to participate and invest in the management of watershed resources.

Answer 26

Participatory approach and equitability

Question 27

Some of the major watershed stakeholders include:

Answer 27

• the state,
• the forest communities,
• the local government units,
• water users, and
• the forest-based industry sector.

Question 28

_____________ of major stakeholder is essential due to the complex nature of watershed ecosystem and the magnitude of tasks needed to be performed.

Answer 28

Sustainable participation

Question 29

Economics financial resources are usually associated with watershed management for so many
years, money is always a constraint. It is therefore important that needs are properly identified and prioritized within the context of a sound management plan to meet whatever money is available that can be spent on project that are truly worthwhile and can most effectively address the prioritized needs.

Answer 29

Efficiency and Effectiveness

Question 30

It is also important to ensure that land, water, timber and other watershed resources are allotted
and used efficiently. That is, environmental and economic benefits derived from resource use are maximized and the associated costs minimized.

Answer 30

Efficiency and Effectiveness

Question 31

• All the agencies involved, including the community organizations/people.
• Field of experts

Answer 31

Multi- sectoral and Interdisciplinary Approach