ERGO PRELIM 2 Flashcards
Discipline that seeks to adapt the job to the worker with the goal of promoting worker health, safety, comfort, and productivity
OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS
True or False:
To arrange the environment to help the worker
maintain a neutral posture, in order to minimize the incidents of work-related musculoskeletal disorders
A poor sitting position may lead to the 3 followings:
– Neck and shoulder fatigue
○ Low back pain
○ Numbness and discomfort in the legs
to describe muscle, nerve, and
tendon pain caused by repetitive movement and
overuse.
REPETITIVE STRAIN INJURY (RSI)
3 RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH RSI?
– Physical Factors
– Psychological / Organizational Factors
– ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS.
Factors like force, posture, frequency/duration of work associated with the
likelihood of developing an RSI because they stress our _____, ______. what is it?
Physcial Factors ; Joints and Muscles
Other names for RSI include ___ and ____
– Cumulative Trauma Disorder
– Repetitive Motion Injury
Stress is an indirect player because it is not stress that causes injury – it is the _______ of our bodies to stress that can cause or aggravate RSI.
Psychological / Organizational Factors; Physical Reaction
Some factors that contribute to the development of RSI are noise, temperature, and lighting.
Environmental Factors
Causes of RSI (Repetitive Strain Injury)
Repetitive ___________
Repeated exposure to ergonomic _______- over a period of time
Compression on _______ and _____ edges
_______ exertions
______ or _____ body postures
- movements
- Stress factors
- Hard and sharp
- Forceful
- Sustained or Awkard
3 Tendon disorders
- Tendinitis
- Tenosynovitis
- Trigger finger
Causes of tendon disorders
- Excessive repetition
- Tasks that require shoulder to be elevated
- Overuse
- Overexertion
Type of nerve disorder and its causes?
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Causes
- Repetitive wrist motions
- Poor wrist posture
location of NEUROVASCULAR DISORDERS
Neck and Shoulder Disorders
- Frequent reaching above
shoulder level - Lifting objects with the
shoulders drawn down and
back
Are injuries and disorders that affect the human body’s movement or musculoskeletal system (i.e. muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, discs, blood vessels, etc.).
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS (MSDS)
Reading time
COMMON MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Tendonitis
Muscle/tendon strain
Ligament sprain
Tension neck syndrome
Thoracic outlet compression
Epicondylitis
Radial tunnel syndrome
Digital neuritis
Trigger finger/ thumb
DeQuervain’s syndrome
Mechanical Back Syndrome
Degenerative Disc Disease
Ruptured/ Herniated Disc
Are a group of painful disorders of muscles, tendons, and nerves
WORK RELATED MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
Repeated or forceful rotation of the FOREARM and BENDING OF WRIST at the same time
Epicondylitis (elbow tendonitis)
Repetitive wrist motions
Repetitive shoulder motions
Sustained hyper extension of arms
Prolonged load on shoulders
Tendonitis / tenosynovitis..
Symptoms are: Pain, weakness, swelling, burning sensation or dull ache over affected area
Repetitive hand twisting and forceful gripping.
Pain at the base of thumb
DeQuervain’s disease
Repetitive wrist motions (ONLY)
Pain, numbness, tingling, burning sensations, wasting of muscles at base of thumb, dry palm
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Prolonged SHOULDER flexion
Extending arms above SHOULDER
height
Carrying loads on the SHOULDER
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Prolonged restricted posture
Tension neck Syndrome
Fatigue outpaces the body’s __________, which causes muscular imbalances.
recovery mechanism
2 risk factors of WMSD; with definition
– ERGONOMIC RISK FACTORS (force, posture, repetition)
– INDIVIDUAL RISK FACTORS (poor practice, fitness, health habits)
Objective evaluation of the workstation design tells us the worker’s ________ system will not be able to keep up with the ______ that will be caused by performing the job.
Recovery; Fatigue
THREE PRIMARY ERGONOMIC RISK FACTORS:
High task repetition
Forceful exertions -
Repetitive or sustained awkward postures
Muscle effort _______ in response to high force requirements, increasing associated fatigue which can lead to MSD.
increases
A repetitive job has a cycle time of _________
30s or less
True or false: Limiting ourselves to a singular cause of MSDs will limit our ability to create a prevention strategy that addresses the multi-dimensional worker.
True. Humans are multi-dimensional
4 INDIVIDUAL RISK FACTORS INCLUDE:
Poor work practices.
Poor overall health habits.
Poor rest and recovery.
Poor nutrition, fitness, and hydration.
a disorder associated with the peripheral nervous system, which includes nerves and ganglia located
outside the spinal cord and brain.
CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME (CTS)
the compression of the median nerve at the wrist, which may result in numbness, tingling, weakness, or muscle atrophy in the hand and fingers.
Carpal tunnel syndrome
A study of forces on the human body. useful tool when lifting pushing or pulling w/ or w/o load
Biomechanics
Goal of Biomech
Quantify musculoskeletal loading during work to calculate the level of risk of the task.
Improve human movement and prevent injuries
examines when how and where body moves
kinematics
examines causes of motion, the internal and external forces that cause motion or remain at rest
kinetics
Maintaining proper musular and skeletal positioning during movement
body mechanics
Listen to your body – early detection and prompt treatment is the best way to correct possible damage. The subtle aches and pains we experience may be our bodies’ way of telling us that something needs attention.
THINK DETECTION
Many injuries are preventable. Performing repetitive tasks in unnatural positions can put strain on our muscles, joints, and tendons, but practicing good work habits and applying ergonomics at work can go a long way in offsetting injuries.
THINK PREVENTION
Strengthening our bodies through proper diet and regular exercise can help them handle the work we put them through. Also, try the exercises in the booklet to give your muscles and bones a break
THINK ACTIVITY
overuse of the muscles through repeated movements can put stress on your body, causing a _______.
Repetitive strain injury
The risk factors closely associated with the
development of office related injuries are ______/ _______/ ______ and ______ factors. Some factors have a more direct influence on these injuries than others.
physical, psychological, organization, environmental
Sometimes employees are overloaded – that
is, they feel they cannot do something because they do not have enough time or the right resources. This causes employees to stress about their ability to perform their tasks well. Decreasing workload and minimizing the need for overtime can alleviate stress.
COGNITIVE (MENTAL) EFFORT
An employee’s perception of how well co-
workers interact, how work is organized and how often he or she is supervised can be a source of stress. Lack of job clarity and general job dissatisfaction can also stress employees.
PSYCHOSOCIAL
Varying work schedules, such as shift work, can affect a worker’s sleep and eating patterns, as well as his or her family and social interaction. Also, when employees work overtime, they are exposed to longer hours of repetitive tasks, which may increase the chance of injury.
Organizational
The space between the front edge of the
seat and the back of your knee should be the span of _______. This will minimize pressure on the underside of your leg.
2 to 3 fingers
While seated, bend your elbows to _____
degrees and relax the shoulders.
90
Adjust the screen height. Monitors should be at _____ or____.
eye level or just slightly below eye level.
Place your monitor ______ from your eyes, or use the arm’s length rule:
18’’ to 30’’
How do i make chair fit me + setup suggestions
Chair height ; back support; seath depth; armrests
Work surface, computer, docs holder, footrest, headset
How to back support?
Adjust the lumbar support so it rests in the small of your back
Where do I place my mouse and keyboard?
Position your keyboard so your wrists are
straight when elbows are 90 degrees. with mouse at same height
Purpose of Document holder?
– can help you minimize head turning
and neck pain.
– Place it at the same distance and height as the monitor
– Place it on the same side as your dominant eye
is among the most frequent and
most severe causes of injury around the world
handling materials
Reading time
– Slowly turn your head to the left and then to the right, pausing momentarily in the center. Do this about 3 times.
Slowly roll your shoulders forward in a complete circle. Do this about 5 times, and then roll them backward for 5 times.
Try spreading the fingers as far apart as you can and hold for 5 seconds. Do this 3-5 times.
Slowly stretch and extend your fingers and then close them into your palm 3-5 times.
To develop the muscles in your hands and fingers, squeeze a rubber ball or gripper for 20 to 30 repetitions.
yeah
In the United States, 28.2% of all work injuries involving disability are caused by overexertion, lifting, throwing, folding, carrying, pushing or pulling loads that weigh _______ pounds
50
________ tasks are the principal source of compensable work injuries affecting primarily the low back pain in the_____
manual material handling; US
LOW BACK DISORDERS BY INDUSTRY
– Service Industries __% (Salons, spa, BPO)
Manufacturing Industry __%
Trade Industry __%
Transportation and Public Utility __%
27, 25, 24, 24
CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING MANUAL MATEIRAL
HANDLING CAPABILITIES
PHYSIOLOGICAL
Psychophysical
Biomechanical
general, the goal is to limit metabolic rate to
less than ____
5 kcal/min
GENERAL APPROACHES in manual material handling
SELECT THE INDIVIDUAL
TEACH THE TECHNIQUE
DESIGN THE JOB
RULES FOR SAFE LIFTING
– Perform the lift between knuckle height and shoulder height
– good grip
– physical shape
– load close to the body.
– lift w/ leg
The thermal environment should be within the
zones of comfort for the physical work (how many celsius
18 - 22 celsius
The acoustical environment should be
agreeable, with sound levels preferably ______
below 75 dBA
kCal/min of
Sleeping
Resting
Standing
BMR
1.5
2.2
Climbing steep stairs w/ 10 kg
16.2
Cycling at 16 km/hr
5.2
Running at 12 km/hr
12.7
Walking at 3 km/hr
Walking at 4.5 km/hr
Walking at 6km/hr
2.8
4.0
5.2
Climbing steep step 100 steps/minute
Jogging at 7.2km/hr
13.7
7.5
Office work seated and standing
1.6 and 1.8
Light assembly work seated
2.2
soldering tasks seated
2.7
cleaning windows
sewing wood manually
3.1
6.8
Bricklaying
4
Chopping wood
8
mowing lawn
8.3
Shoveling loads of 7kg
8.5
Climbing stairs with 8kg
9.0
refers to the sum of biochemical reactions that occur in the cells of a living organism to do the
following:
▪ Provide energy for vital processes and activities
▪ Assimilate new organic material into the body
metabolism
the amount energy per unit time at which chemical
energy contained in food is converted into mechanical energy and the formation of new organic matter.
energy rate process
It is the energy used for digestion.
Digestive metabolism
energy associated with physical activity such as sports and manual work
Activity metabolism
our body’s primary source of energy. at 4 kcal/kg
Carbohydrates. Converted into glucose and give glycogen
Converted into amino acid. at 4 kcal/kg
Protein.
Converted into fatty acid (acetic acid and
glycerol)
Lipids
This is the difference between the amount of oxygen needed by the muscles during muscular
activity and the amount that is supplied.
Oxygen debt
is anaerobic during this time lag.
Glycolysis
