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PRELIM - EXTREME DIFFICULTY > ENSE PRELIM > Flashcards

ENSE PRELIM Flashcards

1
Q

Occupies space and has mass.

A

matter

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2
Q

Air, Oxygen,
Other Gases, Water, Rock and Soil
Minerals are examples of what type of matter?

A

Inorganic Matter:

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3
Q

Has the ability to move matter, has no mass and does not
occupy space.

A

Energy

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4
Q
  • Cannot be created or destroyed.
  • Can be changed from one form to another.
A

Energy and matter

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5
Q

Consists of a community of organisms together with their
physical environment.

A

Ecosystem

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6
Q

An ecosystem’s services, goods, and function equate to $_____ Trillion/year.

A

33 Trillion

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7
Q

Who created the rules of Ecology?
1. Everything is connected to everything else
2. Everything must go somewhere
3. Nature knows best
4. There is no such thing as a free lunch

A

Barry Commoner

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8
Q

Most ecosystems capture sunlight as
their source of energy by photosynthesis. What principle is this?

A

First principle of Eccosystem Sustainability

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9
Q

Ecosystems dispose of wastes and replenish nutrients
by recycling all elements. What principle is this?

A

Second principle of Eccosystem Sustainability

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10
Q

The cycle transforms the inert nitrogen present in the atmosphere to a
more usable form for living organisms.

A

Nitrogen Cycle

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11
Q

Describes how carbon transfers between different reservoirs
located on Earth. The cycle is important for maintaining a
stable climate and carbon balance on Earth.

A

Carbon Cycle

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12
Q

The richness and variety of life on earth.

A

Biodiversity

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13
Q

True or False: The removal of one or more species does not affect the
ecosystem’s structure or function.

A

FAlse

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14
Q

3 Scales of Biodiversity?

A
  1. Ecosystems (habitat and niches)
  2. Species (richness)
  3. Genetic (different traits)
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15
Q

largest foreign exchange-generating enterprise
in many developing countries

A

Ecotourism

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16
Q

2 values of wild species

A

Instrumental
Intrinsic

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16
Q

A value of wild species describing the:
– Sources for agriculture, forestry, aquaculture and animal husbandry
* Recreational, aesthetic and scientific value
* Sources of medicine

A

INstrumental

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17
Q

A value of wild species describing the:
– Value for its own sake
* Philosophical / morality

A

INtrinsic

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18
Q

5 major reasons of biodiversity decline

A

– Habitat Alterations (ex: deforestation, fragmentation
– Human population growth
– Exotic species introduction
– Pollution
– Overuse (overfishing overharvesting)

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19
Q

Causes of Animal Extinctions:
specify percentage MUHAHA

A
  1. Species Introductions (39%)
  2. Hunting (23%)
  3. Habit destruction (36%)
  4. Others (2%)
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20
Q

What act / law has the main objective to to protect endangered plants and animals, and increase their populations to a level where they are no longer at risk of extinction.

A

Endangered Species Act (1973)

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21
Q

Creates a compromise for land use.

A

HCP Habitat conservation plan of 1982

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22
Q

2 International Steps to Protect Biodiversity

A

CITES and CBD

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23
Q

– Ensures that global trade of wildlife and wildlife parts operate responsibly and ethically
– Treaty includes protection of 30,000 species globally

A

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES 1973)

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24
Q

An international agreement that focuses on conserving biological diversity worldwide, responsible use of its elements, and fair distribution of the advantages that genetic resources have to offer

A

Convention on biological diversity (CBD 1993)

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25
Q

a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat

A

Biomes

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26
Q

an area of the planet that can be classified according to the plants and animals that live in it.

A

Biomes

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27
Q

“Old Growth” Forest, which never having been cut down and cleared by humans, they are in balance with natural disturbance events. Very few forests remain untouched by humans and our practices of large scale clearing for wood and agriculture lands.

A

Frontier Forests

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28
Q
  • also called “Second Growth” Forests. These are forests that have grew back at after at least one
    clearing.
A

Non-Frontier Forest

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29
Q

an international data and mapping network that combines on the ground knowledge with digital technology to provide accurate information about the world’s forests

A

Global Forest Watch

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30
Q

READ ONLY.
New Forestry Practices:
* Cut trees LESS frequently
* Leave wider buffer zones along waterways
* Leave dead logs and debris
* Protect broader landscapes
* Build no new roads until damage to old ones is addressed
* Added-value products (use of species other than wood/lumber species)

A

Nothing to see here. Typical good practice lang

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31
Q

3 reasons of loss of Tropical rainforests

A

– Colonization: consolidation of agricultural lands
* Huge national debts
* Fast food chains and cheap hamburger

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32
Q

Activities to conserve tropical rainforest

A

– Ecotourism
* Extractive reserves & Value-added products
* Management by indigenous people
* Rubber, coffee & cocoa plantations
* Sustainable logging
* Carbon sequestration credits

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33
Q

____ % of the Earth’s surface is covered by water. Mainly the _____. Considered as the international commons

A

75; Ocean

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34
Q

______ trees are trees that have adapted to saltwater and flooded soils.

A

Mangrove trees

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35
Q

Called as Rainforests of the Sea

A

Coral reefs

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36
Q

Damages to coral reefs are?

A

▪ Pollution
▪ Overfishing
▪ Destructive fishing practices using dynamite or cyanide
▪ Collecting live corals for the aquarium market
▪ Mining coral for building materials

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37
Q

a general type of marine protected area (MPA). may provide a secure habitat for endangered species.

A

Marine Sanctuaries

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38
Q

First municipal
marine sanctuary in the Philippines

A

Sumilon Island Marine Sanctuary

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39
Q

What country has about 70% Forest Remains; Second largest barrier reef in the world.; Numerous marine sanctuaries

A

Belize

40
Q

True or false: There are similar population growth rates in developed and developing nations.

A

False. Different growth rates

41
Q

How many human beings added to the planet every hour?

A

9000

42
Q

United Nations project ______people living in slums by 2030

A

2 billion

43
Q

The PERCENT increase from one year to the next.

A

Population Growth rate.

44
Q

The world population growth is at _____%

A

1.34

45
Q

increase in the NUMBER of people from one year to the next.

A

Absolute Growth

46
Q

graphs that provide age structure and used to make population projections or forecasts

A

Population Profiles

47
Q

projections of future population size
which also include assumptions of fertility and death rate.

A

Population Forecasting

47
Q

Reasons for the Explosion of Human Population:

A

– Improved sanitation, medicine, and nutrition.
* Reduced mortality, especially infants and children.
* Increased longevity – we grow older.
* High total fertility rate remained high initially.
* Increased technology facilitates migration and better coping with
environmental adversity.
* No longer in dynamic equilibrium,

48
Q

Consequences of a Growing Population:

A

Erosion, Desertification, Emigration, Deforestation due to new agricultural lands

49
Q

Type of Nation Income:

– average per capita of $25,510.
– 20% pop. but 80% wealth;

A

High Income (rich)

50
Q

True or false: Latin America, northern and
western Africa, eastern Asia, and former USSR countries;

ARE CLASSIFIED AS MIDDLE INCOME

A

True. average per capita of $2,950.

50
Q

What is the average per capit of low-income countries

A

$520; w/ 80% pop and 20% wealth

51
Q

Cycle of Overpoplution

A

Poverty > Environmental Degradation > High fertility

52
Q

Caused by too few resources being available for use for all people.

A

Absolute Poverty.

leading to
– Malnutrition
o Illiteracy
o Disease
o Squalid surroundings
o High infant mortality
o Low self-esteem
o Low life expectancy

53
Q

earliest energy source

A

HUman labor

54
Q

True or false
History of energy is
Human labor to Domestic animals to Wind & water to Steam to GAsoline to nuclear

A

true

55
Q

oil-based fuels, natural gas, coal, nuclear power are examples of what type of enerfy sources

A

Primary energy sources. Raw form

56
Q

generation of electricity, heat, refined oil are examples of what type of energy sources?

A

Secondary. energy that has been transformed by humans

57
Q

Steps in formation of fossil fuels

A

– Photosynthesis.
– Detritus Accumulation (dead plants)
– Burial of Detrius (Thus exerts pressure)
– Pressure and heat (Transforming organic matters to fossil fuels)

58
Q

production of electricity by harnessing the energy of steam

A

Steam Electric Power Generation

  1. Steam Production
  2. Steam Turbines
  3. Electricity Generation
  4. Distribution
59
Q

production of electricity by harnessing the energy of flowing water

A

Hydro Electric Power Generation

Steps:
1. Water Flow
2. Turbine Rotation
3. Electricity Generation
4. Distribution

60
Q

often called petroleum, is a naturally occurring fossil fuel found beneath the Earth’s surface.

obtained through drilling wells in oil-rich regions deep underground or beneath the ocean floor

A

Crude oil

61
Q
  • predicted in the 1970s that US oil production would peak around 2010 and the dependence on the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) will increase.
A

Hubbart Oil Production

62
Q

Higher cost of oil imports are caused by:

A

Rate of exploratory drilling and discovery of oil.
o Renewed production from old oil fields.
o Development of alternative energy sources.
o Dependence on foreign oil.

63
Q

What continent has the highest reserves of oil, with 75.5 billions of
barrels.

A

North America

64
Q

Foreign Oil Dependence impacts

A

– Pollution of oceans
* Coastal oil spills
* Trade imbalances
* Military action

65
Q

An international conflict that was triggered by Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait with the aim of acquiring that nation’s large oil reserves

A

Persian Gulf War

66
Q

Elements of the Conservation Reserve

A
  • Increasing fuel efficiency in cars
  • Use fluorescent lights.
  • Increase home insulation.
    – Cogeneration
67
Q

a thick brown or black organic substance that remains after most of the organic litter has decomposed. Help sustain soil fertility, increasing the capacity for holding water and nutrients.

A

HUmus

68
Q

What is The physical, chemical and biological decline in soil quality. What are the causes?

A

Soil degradation

causes are:
o Deforestation
o Overgrazing
o Over-cultivation

69
Q

Farming in sustainable ways meeting society’s present food and textile needs, without compromising the ability for current or future generations to meet their needs

A

Sustainable Agriculture

70
Q

loose coverings or sheets of material placed on the surface of soil

A

Mulch (Must be maximized)

71
Q

renewable organic material that comes from plants and animals

A

Biomass (Must be maximized

72
Q

the full spectrum of farmed plant species and their wild relatives. ‘Farmed’ plants are those that farmers grow for domestic or industrial uses.

A

Crop Biodiversity (Must be maximized)

73
Q

the intentional integration of trees and shrubs into crop and animal farming systems to create environmental, economic, and social benefits.

A

Agroforestry

74
Q

turns the soil, incorporating surface residues and leaving the ground clean.

A

Tillage (MINIMIZE THISS)

75
Q

ensures food availability, access to nutritious food, proper nutrition awareness, and appropriate feeding
practices. Alleviates chronic hunger and helps local agriculture.

A

Food aid

76
Q

production, preparation, irradiation, export, import, storage, distribution, transport, wholesale, and retail of
food and food raw materials for commercial purposes.

A

Food trade

77
Q

________ is the major exporter of food.

A

North America

78
Q

_______, _______, and ______have become the major food importers in
the past 45 years.

A

Asia, Africa, LAtin america

79
Q

A widespread condition in which a large percentage of people in a country or region have little or no
access to adequate food supplies.

A

FAmine

80
Q

Solutions to Sustain a Global Food Supply

A

– Cultivate more land
* Eat lower on the food chain
– Convert cash crops to food crops

81
Q

a broad discipline in which biological processes, organisms, cells or cellular components are exploited to develop new technologies.

A

Biotechnology

82
Q

Municipal Solid WAste. Where does it go????

A

o 27.3% go into Recycling
o 17.2% go into Combustion
o 55.5% go into Landfills

83
Q

sites designated for dumping rubbish, garbage, or other sorts of solid waste.

A

Landfills

84
Q

Lanfills impacts

A

– Leachate generation
– Groundwater contamination
– Methane production
– incomplete decomposition
– settling

85
Q

Solid waste to energy conversion

A

80% MSW burned for electrical energy production
12% recovered and recycled
8% put into landfill

85
Q

Sustainable MSW Management

A
  • Waste reduction
  • Safe waste disposal
  • Recycling and reuse
  • Electrical power generation
86
Q

is the presence of a substance in the (aquatic) environment that, because of its chemical composition or quantity, prevents the functioning of natural processes and produces undesirable environmental and health effects.

A

Water pollution

87
Q

6 Sources of Water pollution are

A

– Pathogens
– Organic Wastes
– Chemical
– Sediments
– Thermal
– Nutrients (Poor and excess)

88
Q

________ is nutrient-poor water
while
_______ is nutrient-rich water

_______ is nutrient moderate water

A
  1. Oligotrophic;
  2. Eutrophic
  3. Mesotrophic
89
Q

Pollutants in sewage include

A
  • Debris and grit
  • Particulate organic material
  • Colloidal and dissolved organic material
  • Dissolved inorganic material
  • Human Pathogens
  • Toxic Chemicals
  • Pharmaceuticals
90
Q

which Water Treatments :

Removal of debris and grit with bar screen and grit chamber (settling pool for solely big grit)

A

Preliminary Treatment

91
Q

which Water Treatments :

removal of particulate organic matter

A

Primary Treatment

92
Q

which Water Treatments :

Removal of colloidal and smaller dissolved organic matter

A

Secondary Treatment

93
Q

Which Water treatments:

Part of the process to treat biodegradable waste and sewage sludge. Reduces the emission
of landfill gas into the atmosphere

A

Anaerobic Sludge Digester

94
Q

Which Water treatments:

biological or chemical “polishing”. Includes:
* Biological nutrient removal systems
* Pathogen removal by chlorine or ozone
* Chemical nutrient removal (costly)

A

Tertiary Treatment

95
Q

Alternative treatment systems for water pollution

A
  • Individual septic systems
  • Wastewater effluent irrigation
  • Reconstructed wetland systems
  • The waterless toilet

PRELIM - EXTREME DIFFICULTY (6 decks)

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