ENSE PRELIM Flashcards
Occupies space and has mass.
matter
Air, Oxygen,
Other Gases, Water, Rock and Soil
Minerals are examples of what type of matter?
Inorganic Matter:
Has the ability to move matter, has no mass and does not
occupy space.
Energy
- Cannot be created or destroyed.
- Can be changed from one form to another.
Energy and matter
Consists of a community of organisms together with their
physical environment.
Ecosystem
An ecosystem’s services, goods, and function equate to $_____ Trillion/year.
33 Trillion
Who created the rules of Ecology?
1. Everything is connected to everything else
2. Everything must go somewhere
3. Nature knows best
4. There is no such thing as a free lunch
Barry Commoner
Most ecosystems capture sunlight as
their source of energy by photosynthesis. What principle is this?
First principle of Eccosystem Sustainability
Ecosystems dispose of wastes and replenish nutrients
by recycling all elements. What principle is this?
Second principle of Eccosystem Sustainability
The cycle transforms the inert nitrogen present in the atmosphere to a
more usable form for living organisms.
Nitrogen Cycle
Describes how carbon transfers between different reservoirs
located on Earth. The cycle is important for maintaining a
stable climate and carbon balance on Earth.
Carbon Cycle
The richness and variety of life on earth.
Biodiversity
True or False: The removal of one or more species does not affect the
ecosystem’s structure or function.
FAlse
3 Scales of Biodiversity?
- Ecosystems (habitat and niches)
- Species (richness)
- Genetic (different traits)
largest foreign exchange-generating enterprise
in many developing countries
Ecotourism
2 values of wild species
Instrumental
Intrinsic
A value of wild species describing the:
– Sources for agriculture, forestry, aquaculture and animal husbandry
* Recreational, aesthetic and scientific value
* Sources of medicine
INstrumental
A value of wild species describing the:
– Value for its own sake
* Philosophical / morality
INtrinsic
5 major reasons of biodiversity decline
– Habitat Alterations (ex: deforestation, fragmentation
– Human population growth
– Exotic species introduction
– Pollution
– Overuse (overfishing overharvesting)
Causes of Animal Extinctions:
specify percentage MUHAHA
- Species Introductions (39%)
- Hunting (23%)
- Habit destruction (36%)
- Others (2%)
What act / law has the main objective to to protect endangered plants and animals, and increase their populations to a level where they are no longer at risk of extinction.
Endangered Species Act (1973)
Creates a compromise for land use.
HCP Habitat conservation plan of 1982
2 International Steps to Protect Biodiversity
CITES and CBD
– Ensures that global trade of wildlife and wildlife parts operate responsibly and ethically
– Treaty includes protection of 30,000 species globally
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES 1973)
An international agreement that focuses on conserving biological diversity worldwide, responsible use of its elements, and fair distribution of the advantages that genetic resources have to offer
Convention on biological diversity (CBD 1993)
a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat
Biomes
an area of the planet that can be classified according to the plants and animals that live in it.
Biomes
“Old Growth” Forest, which never having been cut down and cleared by humans, they are in balance with natural disturbance events. Very few forests remain untouched by humans and our practices of large scale clearing for wood and agriculture lands.
Frontier Forests
- also called “Second Growth” Forests. These are forests that have grew back at after at least one
clearing.
Non-Frontier Forest
an international data and mapping network that combines on the ground knowledge with digital technology to provide accurate information about the world’s forests
Global Forest Watch
READ ONLY.
New Forestry Practices:
* Cut trees LESS frequently
* Leave wider buffer zones along waterways
* Leave dead logs and debris
* Protect broader landscapes
* Build no new roads until damage to old ones is addressed
* Added-value products (use of species other than wood/lumber species)
Nothing to see here. Typical good practice lang
3 reasons of loss of Tropical rainforests
– Colonization: consolidation of agricultural lands
* Huge national debts
* Fast food chains and cheap hamburger
Activities to conserve tropical rainforest
– Ecotourism
* Extractive reserves & Value-added products
* Management by indigenous people
* Rubber, coffee & cocoa plantations
* Sustainable logging
* Carbon sequestration credits
____ % of the Earth’s surface is covered by water. Mainly the _____. Considered as the international commons
75; Ocean
______ trees are trees that have adapted to saltwater and flooded soils.
Mangrove trees
Called as Rainforests of the Sea
Coral reefs
Damages to coral reefs are?
▪ Pollution
▪ Overfishing
▪ Destructive fishing practices using dynamite or cyanide
▪ Collecting live corals for the aquarium market
▪ Mining coral for building materials
a general type of marine protected area (MPA). may provide a secure habitat for endangered species.
Marine Sanctuaries
First municipal
marine sanctuary in the Philippines
Sumilon Island Marine Sanctuary
What country has about 70% Forest Remains; Second largest barrier reef in the world.; Numerous marine sanctuaries
Belize
True or false: There are similar population growth rates in developed and developing nations.
False. Different growth rates
How many human beings added to the planet every hour?
9000
United Nations project ______people living in slums by 2030
2 billion
The PERCENT increase from one year to the next.
Population Growth rate.
The world population growth is at _____%
1.34
increase in the NUMBER of people from one year to the next.
Absolute Growth
graphs that provide age structure and used to make population projections or forecasts
Population Profiles
projections of future population size
which also include assumptions of fertility and death rate.
Population Forecasting
Reasons for the Explosion of Human Population:
– Improved sanitation, medicine, and nutrition.
* Reduced mortality, especially infants and children.
* Increased longevity – we grow older.
* High total fertility rate remained high initially.
* Increased technology facilitates migration and better coping with
environmental adversity.
* No longer in dynamic equilibrium,
Consequences of a Growing Population:
Erosion, Desertification, Emigration, Deforestation due to new agricultural lands
Type of Nation Income:
– average per capita of $25,510.
– 20% pop. but 80% wealth;
High Income (rich)
True or false: Latin America, northern and
western Africa, eastern Asia, and former USSR countries;
ARE CLASSIFIED AS MIDDLE INCOME
True. average per capita of $2,950.
What is the average per capit of low-income countries
$520; w/ 80% pop and 20% wealth
Cycle of Overpoplution
Poverty > Environmental Degradation > High fertility
Caused by too few resources being available for use for all people.
Absolute Poverty.
leading to
– Malnutrition
o Illiteracy
o Disease
o Squalid surroundings
o High infant mortality
o Low self-esteem
o Low life expectancy
earliest energy source
HUman labor
True or false
History of energy is
Human labor to Domestic animals to Wind & water to Steam to GAsoline to nuclear
true
oil-based fuels, natural gas, coal, nuclear power are examples of what type of enerfy sources
Primary energy sources. Raw form
generation of electricity, heat, refined oil are examples of what type of energy sources?
Secondary. energy that has been transformed by humans
Steps in formation of fossil fuels
– Photosynthesis.
– Detritus Accumulation (dead plants)
– Burial of Detrius (Thus exerts pressure)
– Pressure and heat (Transforming organic matters to fossil fuels)
production of electricity by harnessing the energy of steam
Steam Electric Power Generation
- Steam Production
- Steam Turbines
- Electricity Generation
- Distribution
production of electricity by harnessing the energy of flowing water
Hydro Electric Power Generation
Steps:
1. Water Flow
2. Turbine Rotation
3. Electricity Generation
4. Distribution
often called petroleum, is a naturally occurring fossil fuel found beneath the Earth’s surface.
obtained through drilling wells in oil-rich regions deep underground or beneath the ocean floor
Crude oil
- predicted in the 1970s that US oil production would peak around 2010 and the dependence on the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) will increase.
Hubbart Oil Production
Higher cost of oil imports are caused by:
Rate of exploratory drilling and discovery of oil.
o Renewed production from old oil fields.
o Development of alternative energy sources.
o Dependence on foreign oil.
What continent has the highest reserves of oil, with 75.5 billions of
barrels.
North America
Foreign Oil Dependence impacts
– Pollution of oceans
* Coastal oil spills
* Trade imbalances
* Military action
An international conflict that was triggered by Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait with the aim of acquiring that nation’s large oil reserves
Persian Gulf War
Elements of the Conservation Reserve
- Increasing fuel efficiency in cars
- Use fluorescent lights.
- Increase home insulation.
– Cogeneration
a thick brown or black organic substance that remains after most of the organic litter has decomposed. Help sustain soil fertility, increasing the capacity for holding water and nutrients.
HUmus
What is The physical, chemical and biological decline in soil quality. What are the causes?
Soil degradation
causes are:
o Deforestation
o Overgrazing
o Over-cultivation
Farming in sustainable ways meeting society’s present food and textile needs, without compromising the ability for current or future generations to meet their needs
Sustainable Agriculture
loose coverings or sheets of material placed on the surface of soil
Mulch (Must be maximized)
renewable organic material that comes from plants and animals
Biomass (Must be maximized
the full spectrum of farmed plant species and their wild relatives. ‘Farmed’ plants are those that farmers grow for domestic or industrial uses.
Crop Biodiversity (Must be maximized)
the intentional integration of trees and shrubs into crop and animal farming systems to create environmental, economic, and social benefits.
Agroforestry
turns the soil, incorporating surface residues and leaving the ground clean.
Tillage (MINIMIZE THISS)
ensures food availability, access to nutritious food, proper nutrition awareness, and appropriate feeding
practices. Alleviates chronic hunger and helps local agriculture.
Food aid
production, preparation, irradiation, export, import, storage, distribution, transport, wholesale, and retail of
food and food raw materials for commercial purposes.
Food trade
________ is the major exporter of food.
North America
_______, _______, and ______have become the major food importers in
the past 45 years.
Asia, Africa, LAtin america
A widespread condition in which a large percentage of people in a country or region have little or no
access to adequate food supplies.
FAmine
Solutions to Sustain a Global Food Supply
– Cultivate more land
* Eat lower on the food chain
– Convert cash crops to food crops
a broad discipline in which biological processes, organisms, cells or cellular components are exploited to develop new technologies.
Biotechnology
Municipal Solid WAste. Where does it go????
o 27.3% go into Recycling
o 17.2% go into Combustion
o 55.5% go into Landfills
sites designated for dumping rubbish, garbage, or other sorts of solid waste.
Landfills
Lanfills impacts
– Leachate generation
– Groundwater contamination
– Methane production
– incomplete decomposition
– settling
Solid waste to energy conversion
80% MSW burned for electrical energy production
12% recovered and recycled
8% put into landfill
Sustainable MSW Management
- Waste reduction
- Safe waste disposal
- Recycling and reuse
- Electrical power generation
is the presence of a substance in the (aquatic) environment that, because of its chemical composition or quantity, prevents the functioning of natural processes and produces undesirable environmental and health effects.
Water pollution
6 Sources of Water pollution are
– Pathogens
– Organic Wastes
– Chemical
– Sediments
– Thermal
– Nutrients (Poor and excess)
________ is nutrient-poor water
while
_______ is nutrient-rich water
_______ is nutrient moderate water
- Oligotrophic;
- Eutrophic
- Mesotrophic
Pollutants in sewage include
- Debris and grit
- Particulate organic material
- Colloidal and dissolved organic material
- Dissolved inorganic material
- Human Pathogens
- Toxic Chemicals
- Pharmaceuticals
which Water Treatments :
Removal of debris and grit with bar screen and grit chamber (settling pool for solely big grit)
Preliminary Treatment
which Water Treatments :
removal of particulate organic matter
Primary Treatment
which Water Treatments :
Removal of colloidal and smaller dissolved organic matter
Secondary Treatment
Which Water treatments:
Part of the process to treat biodegradable waste and sewage sludge. Reduces the emission
of landfill gas into the atmosphere
Anaerobic Sludge Digester
Which Water treatments:
biological or chemical “polishing”. Includes:
* Biological nutrient removal systems
* Pathogen removal by chlorine or ozone
* Chemical nutrient removal (costly)
Tertiary Treatment
Alternative treatment systems for water pollution
- Individual septic systems
- Wastewater effluent irrigation
- Reconstructed wetland systems
- The waterless toilet
