ERGO PRELIM Flashcards by MARIAN CHELSEA COLLADO

A scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a __________, and the profession that applies the theory, principles, data, and methods to design, in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance. WHAT IS IT?

SYSTEM. Ergonomics

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Ergonomics is the scientific study and body of knowledge of human _________, ________, and __________ for the appropriate design of the living and work environments.

Limitations, Abilities, Characteristics. LAC

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Fitting the ________ to the man.

Job

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Ergo is concerned with ensuring that the ___________ is conducive to good performance and work effectiveness, and consequently that the work environment is compatible with the ______, ______, and ________ of the individual.

Work System. Health, Safety and Comfort

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Ergonomics comes from a greek word “__________” which means “work” or “effort” and “_________” which means “natural laws” or “study of”

Ergon. Nomos

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Ergonomics & HF developed into a recognized field during ___________, when for the first time, ________ and the________ were systematically applied in a coordinated manner.

World War II. Technology and Human Sciences

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Interest in the approach grew rapidly, especially in _______ and in the ______, leading to the foundation in _______ of the first-ever national ergonomics society in ________, which is when the term ergonomics was adopted.

Europe and US. England. 1949

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ergonomics aims to design appliances, technical systems and tasks in such a
way as to improve _________, ________, ________ and __________.

human safety, health, comfort, perfomance

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Human Factors Traditionally emerged from a ___________ and
concentrates on ______________.

Military Background; Human Performance

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Preferred term in the United States and several other countries.

Human Factors

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Focuses on the safety and comfort of workers.

Ergonomics

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Ergonomics is more prevalent in ____ and the rest of the world, including _______

Europe, Philippines

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DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS?

Simple tools and utensils&raquo_space; Purposeful shaping of tools&raquo_space; Organizational and managerial challenges

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Applications of HF and Ergo

+ Military
○ Space Applications
○ Aviation Applications
○ Design of Workplaces and Products

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True or False: Ergonomics draws knowledge from single fields in the human sciences and technology.

False, must be various fields

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Concerned with human anatomy, and some of the anthropometric, physiological and biomechanical characteristics as they relate to physical activity.

PHYSICAL ERGONOMICS

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Concerned with mental processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system.

COGNITIVE ERGONOMICS

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Concerned with the optimization of socio-technical systems, including their organizational structures, policies, and processes.

ORGANIZATIONAL ERGONOMICS

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Ergonomics has existed as a profession for over ______ years,

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Ergonomics help people to succeed in their jobs by means such as:
○ Reducing _________ in the system performance
○ Reducing _______ to individuals in the work environment.
○ Improving system _______
○ Designing systems with a _______
○ Improve ________

Human Errors, hazards, efficiency, user focus, quality of life

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The scientific study of the structure of organisms including their systems, organs, and tissues. It includes the appearance
and position of the various parts, the materials from which they are composed, their locations and their relationships with
other parts.

Anatomy. Note organs and structure

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The scientific study of how the human body functions. This includes the mechanical, physical, bioelectrical, and
biochemical functions of humans in good health, from organs to the cells of which they are composed.

Physiology. Note Mechanics and Functions

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The scientific study of the way the human mind works and how it influences behavior, or the influence of a particular
person’s character on his or her own behavior.

PSYCHOLOGY. Note behavior and mind

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WHY HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS?

● Economic Advantages
● Process in Knowledge and Technology
● Moral Imperative

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Ergonomics is Human _______, Multi_________, ___________ Oriented

Centered, Disciplinary, Application

True or False; Posture and movement play a central role in ergonomics

True

he body’s _______, _________ and ________ are involved in adopting a posture, carrying out a movement and applying a force.

muscles, ligaments, joints

The _________ provide the force necessary to adopt a posture or make a movement

muscles. Note force

The _______ have an auxiliary function.

ligaments

The _______ allow the relative movement of the various parts of the body.

joints

Principle 1: Joints must be in a ______ position.

neutral

True or False: The muscles deliver their smallest force when the joints are in the neutral position

False. Greatest force

Principle 2: Keep the work _____ to the body.

Principle 3: Avoid bending _____

forward

The upper part of the body of an adult weighs about ____ on average

40 kg

forward bending, the stress is particularly large in the _________

lower back

Principle 4: A _______ trunk strains the back.

twisted

Twisted postures of the trunk cause undesirable stress to the _______.

SPINE

Principle 5: ______ movements and forces produce peak stresses

Sudden. Causes short duration stresses

sudden lifting can cause acute back pain in the ___________.

lower back

True or False; Principle 6: steady postures as well as movements.

False; No posture or movements should be maintained for a long period of time.

Principle 7: ________ the duration of any continuous muscular effort.

limit

Most people can maintain a maximum muscular effort for no more than _______ seconds

a few

Most people can maintain a _______% muscular effort for no more than approximately two minutes as this causes muscular exhaustion.

50%

TRUE OR FALSE: Principle 9: More frequent short breaks are better than a single long one.

True

The majority of the population can carry out a prolonged task without experiencing any general fatigue provided the energy demand of the task (expressed as the energy consumed by the person per unit of time) does not exceed _________

250W. (For conversion::: 1W = 0.06 kJ min = 0.0143 kCal min)

the amount of energy that the body needs when at rest?

approximately 80 W,

The reduction in activity must be such that the average energy demand over the working day does not exceed _______.

250W

To gain an idea of the extent of individual variation in body size, the data in the table are given for:

- Short Adults (5% of females are shorter) - Average - Tall persons (5% of males are taller)

Principle 14: Select a ______ posture that fits the job

basic

True or False; Sitting has a number of advantages compared to standing.

True. The body is better supported because several support surfaces can be used: floor, seat, backrest, armrest, and work surface.

True or False; activities that require the operator to exert a lot of force or to move around frequently are best carried out Sitting.

False; Should be Standing

Height seat minimum height range adjustment.

at least 13cm, between 39cm and 52 cm

Backrest minimum height range adjustment.

at least 10 cm, from 20 to 30 cm

Seating instruction must be provided every ______?

6 months

Limited forward tilt should be about ____?

max 20 degrees

work height, The position of the ______ and ______ great importance to the posture of the head, trunk and arms.

hands and focal point

Eye frequent, hand infrequent work height

10 - 30 cm below eye height

Working tables adjustable height range

atleast 25 cm

eye AND hand frequent work height

0 - 15 above elbow height

eye infrequent, hand frequent work height

0 - 30 cm below elbow height

For reading purposes, the position of the work surface which is viewed, must be tilted by _______

atleast 45 degrees

The most important operations should take place within a radius of approximately ______.

50 cm.

For tasks where the hands have to be used and kept in view, such as in writing, the work surface must be placed at an angle of approximately

15 degrees.

Leg room width clearance must be ______.

atleast 60 cm

Leg room Depth clearance must be _____ at the knees, and _______ at the feet

atleast 40 cm; atleast 100 cm

Working surface thickness above knees should not exceed _____

3cm

Pedestal stool's adjustable height and tilt should be

65 - 85 cm; 15 to 30 degrees

a local inflammation of a tendon attachment due to a combination of a bent elbow and bent wrist.

Tennis elbow

Tool weight hand-carried should not exceed _____

2kg

True or false; Heavier weight should be rested on a surface

true

hand grip diameter and length

d = 3cm ; l = 10cm; convex

Initially an attempt to differentiate among fossils to distinguish among races and ethnic groups of humans, identify criminals and aid in making medical diagnoses.

Physical Anthropometry

Applications of Eng Anthropometry

evaluation of vehicles, worksites and clothing.

why anthrop? To design workplaces, equipment and the physical environment to fit the ______ and ______ of most people in a complex task.

characteristics and capabilities

Poorly designed equipment or environment may lead to _______.

injuries

The science of measurement and the art of application that establishes the________, _____, and ______of the human body. WHAT IS IT!?!>!?!>!?!>!

Physical geometry, mass properties, and strength capabilities. ANTHROPOMETRY

Anthropometry Derived from the terms _______ (human) and _______ (pertaining to measurement.) Person involve ____.

anthropos; Metrikos; Adolphe Quetelet

Analysis of _____and _____ during manual material handling, accommodation, comfort and general human performance.

forces and torques

Anthropometric considerations

SPMSO ▪ Sizes ▪ Proportions ▪ Mobility ▪ Strengths ▪ Other factors that define human beings physically

ldentifies locations, names, and shapes of bones and muscles; how to read measurement scales, measure weighs and how to handle instruments

ANATOMY

KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS REQUIRED in Anthropometry

--- Statistical Principles and Methodologies --- Math concepts of mass properties, forces, and torques. --- Planing and organizing time & processes --- Good language skills and facility in writing

READING TIME: Baseline Definitions ▪ Body segment, lengths and height ▪ Breadth, depths and circumferences ▪ Surface contours ▪ Body volumes, densities and areas ▪ Envelopes of reach

Postures ▪ Standard sitting and strength ▪ Standard upright sitting ▪ Leaned against a wall with back flattened and buttocks facing the wall ▪ Lying on the back ▪ Other postures depending on task being analyzed

ANTHROPOMETRIC DESIGN PRINCIPLE

DESIGN FOR ALL , FOR ADJUSTMENT, FOR SEVERAL SIZES, EXTREME INDIVIDUALS

The human skeleton is normally composed of ____ bones, with _____ and _____.

206; connective tissues; articulations

The _______ provides an internal framework for the whole body

Skeletal bones

the organs that generate force and movement

Muscles

strong elastic tissues connecting muscles to bones (M2B)

Tendons

connect bones and provide capsules around joints (B2J)

Ligaments

translucent, vicoelastic, flexible material, as articulation surfaces at the joints

Cartilage

Body links that determine the human mobility

Joints

Maximal displacements of the body define the ______.

Range of Motion

the spine consists of _____ movable _____ which are fused groups of rudimentary bones

24; Vertebras

True or False: the spine is capable of withstanding loads, yet flexible enough to allow a small range of motion

false; large range of motion

4 regions of the spine

CTLS Cervical; Thoracic; Lumbar; Sacrum

The _______ is often the location of injury, pain and discomfort because it continuously transmit internal and external strains

spinal column

Back pain results from a combination of _______ and the _____.

Repetitive trauma; Normal aging process

Overexertion injuries have been traced to the compression of ______, particularly the _______.

Spinal discs ; Lumbar area

maximal tension or force that a muscle can develop voluntarily between its origin and insertion

Muscle Strength

force or torque that can be applied by a body segment to an object external to the body. The body segment may be the hand, elbow, shoulder, back or foot

Body segment strength

is influenced by motivation and the physical conditions under which it is exerted

Strength

Body strength is measured using _____ or ______

analog; digital dynanometers