ERGO PRELIM Flashcards
A scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a __________, and the profession that applies the theory, principles, data, and methods to design, in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance. WHAT IS IT?
SYSTEM. Ergonomics
Ergonomics is the scientific study and body of knowledge of human _________, ________, and __________ for the appropriate design of the living and work environments.
Limitations, Abilities, Characteristics. LAC
Fitting the ________ to the man.
Job
Ergo is concerned with ensuring that the ___________ is conducive to good performance and work effectiveness, and consequently that the work environment is compatible with the ______, ______, and ________ of the individual.
Work System. Health, Safety and Comfort
Ergonomics comes from a greek word “__________” which means “work” or “effort” and “_________” which means “natural laws” or “study of”
Ergon. Nomos
Ergonomics & HF developed into a recognized field during ___________, when for the first time, ________ and the________ were systematically applied in a coordinated manner.
World War II. Technology and Human Sciences
Interest in the approach grew rapidly, especially in _______ and in the ______, leading to the foundation in _______ of the first-ever national ergonomics society in ________, which is when the term ergonomics was adopted.
Europe and US. England. 1949
ergonomics aims to design appliances, technical systems and tasks in such a
way as to improve _________, ________, ________ and __________.
human safety, health, comfort, perfomance
Human Factors Traditionally emerged from a ___________ and
concentrates on ______________.
Military Background; Human Performance
Preferred term in the United States and several other countries.
Human Factors
Focuses on the safety and comfort of workers.
Ergonomics
Ergonomics is more prevalent in ____ and the rest of the world, including _______
Europe, Philippines
DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS?
Simple tools and utensils»_space; Purposeful shaping of tools»_space; Organizational and managerial challenges
Applications of HF and Ergo
+ Military
○ Space Applications
○ Aviation Applications
○ Design of Workplaces and Products
True or False: Ergonomics draws knowledge from single fields in the human sciences and technology.
False, must be various fields
Concerned with human anatomy, and some of the anthropometric, physiological and biomechanical characteristics as they relate to physical activity.
PHYSICAL ERGONOMICS
Concerned with mental processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system.
COGNITIVE ERGONOMICS
Concerned with the optimization of socio-technical systems, including their organizational structures, policies, and processes.
ORGANIZATIONAL ERGONOMICS
Ergonomics has existed as a profession for over ______ years,
50
Ergonomics help people to succeed in their jobs by means such as:
○ Reducing _________ in the system performance
○ Reducing _______ to individuals in the work environment.
○ Improving system _______
○ Designing systems with a _______
○ Improve ________
Human Errors, hazards, efficiency, user focus, quality of life
The scientific study of the structure of organisms including their systems, organs, and tissues. It includes the appearance
and position of the various parts, the materials from which they are composed, their locations and their relationships with
other parts.
Anatomy. Note organs and structure
The scientific study of how the human body functions. This includes the mechanical, physical, bioelectrical, and
biochemical functions of humans in good health, from organs to the cells of which they are composed.
Physiology. Note Mechanics and Functions
The scientific study of the way the human mind works and how it influences behavior, or the influence of a particular
person’s character on his or her own behavior.
PSYCHOLOGY. Note behavior and mind
WHY HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS?
● Economic Advantages
● Process in Knowledge and Technology
● Moral Imperative
Ergonomics is Human _______, Multi_________, ___________ Oriented
Centered, Disciplinary, Application
True or False; Posture and movement play a central role in ergonomics
True
he body’s _______, _________ and ________ are involved in adopting a posture, carrying out a movement and applying a force.
muscles, ligaments, joints
The _________ provide the force necessary to adopt a posture or make a movement
muscles. Note force
The _______ have an auxiliary function.
ligaments
The _______ allow the relative movement of the various parts of the body.
joints
Principle 1: Joints must be in a ______ position.
neutral
True or False: The muscles deliver their smallest force when the joints are in the neutral position
False. Greatest force
Principle 2: Keep the work _____ to the body.
close
Principle 3: Avoid bending _____
forward
The upper part of the body of an adult weighs about ____ on average
40 kg
forward bending, the stress is particularly large in the _________
lower back
Principle 4: A _______ trunk strains the back.
twisted
Twisted postures of the trunk cause undesirable stress to the _______.
SPINE
Principle 5: ______ movements and forces produce peak stresses
Sudden. Causes short duration stresses
sudden lifting can cause acute back pain in the ___________.
lower back
True or False; Principle 6: steady postures as well as movements.
False; No posture or movements should be maintained for a long period of time.
Principle 7: ________ the duration of any continuous muscular effort.
limit
Most people can maintain a maximum muscular effort for no more than _______ seconds
a few
Most people can maintain a _______% muscular effort for no more than approximately two minutes as this causes muscular exhaustion.
50%
TRUE OR FALSE: Principle 9: More frequent short breaks are better than a single long one.
True
The majority of the population can carry out a prolonged task without experiencing any general
fatigue provided the energy demand of the task (expressed as the energy consumed by the person per unit of time) does not exceed _________
250W. (For conversion::: 1W = 0.06 kJ min = 0.0143 kCal min)
the amount of energy that the body needs when at rest?
approximately 80 W,
The reduction in activity must be such that the average energy demand over the working day does not exceed _______.
250W
To gain an idea of the extent of individual variation in body size, the data in the table are given for:
- Short Adults (5% of females are shorter)
- Average
- Tall persons (5% of males are taller)
Principle 14: Select a ______ posture that fits
the job
basic
True or False; Sitting has a number of advantages compared to standing.
True. The body is better supported because
several support surfaces can be used: floor, seat, backrest, armrest, and work surface.
True or False; activities that require the operator to exert a lot of force or to move around frequently are best carried out Sitting.
False; Should be Standing
Height seat minimum height range adjustment.
at least 13cm, between 39cm and 52 cm
Backrest minimum height range adjustment.
at least 10 cm, from 20 to 30 cm
Seating instruction must be provided every ______?
6 months
Limited forward tilt should be about ____?
max 20 degrees
work height, The position of the ______ and ______ great importance to the posture of the head, trunk and arms.
hands and focal point
Eye frequent, hand infrequent work height
10 - 30 cm below eye height
Working tables adjustable height range
atleast 25 cm
eye AND hand frequent work height
0 - 15 above elbow height
eye infrequent, hand frequent work height
0 - 30 cm below elbow height
For reading purposes, the position of the work surface which is viewed, must be tilted by _______
atleast 45 degrees
The most important operations should take place
within a radius of approximately ______.
50 cm.
For tasks where the hands have to be used and kept in view, such as in writing, the work surface must be placed at an angle of approximately
15 degrees.
Leg room width clearance must be ______.
atleast 60 cm
Leg room Depth clearance must be _____ at the knees, and _______ at the feet
atleast 40 cm; atleast 100 cm
Working surface thickness above knees should not exceed _____
3cm
Pedestal stool’s adjustable height and tilt should be
65 - 85 cm; 15 to 30 degrees
a local inflammation of a tendon attachment due to a combination of a bent elbow and bent wrist.
Tennis elbow
Tool weight hand-carried should not exceed _____
2kg
True or false; Heavier weight should be rested on a surface
true
hand grip diameter and length
d = 3cm ; l = 10cm; convex
Initially an attempt to differentiate among fossils to distinguish among races and ethnic groups
of humans, identify criminals and aid in making medical diagnoses.
Physical Anthropometry
Applications of Eng Anthropometry
evaluation of vehicles, worksites and clothing.
why anthrop? To design workplaces, equipment and the physical environment to fit the ______ and ______ of most people in a complex task.
characteristics and capabilities
Poorly designed equipment or environment may
lead to _______.
injuries
The science of measurement and the art of
application that establishes the________, _____, and ______of the human body. WHAT IS IT!?!>!?!>!?!>!
Physical geometry, mass properties, and strength capabilities. ANTHROPOMETRY
Anthropometry Derived from the terms _______ (human) and _______ (pertaining to measurement.) Person involve ____.
anthropos; Metrikos; Adolphe Quetelet
Analysis of _____and _____ during manual material handling, accommodation, comfort and general human performance.
forces and torques
Anthropometric considerations
SPMSO
▪ Sizes
▪ Proportions
▪ Mobility
▪ Strengths
▪ Other factors that define human beings physically
ldentifies locations, names, and shapes of bones and muscles; how to read measurement scales, measure weighs and how to handle instruments
ANATOMY
KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS REQUIRED
in Anthropometry
— Statistical Principles and Methodologies
— Math concepts of mass properties, forces, and torques.
— Planing and organizing time & processes
— Good language skills and facility in writing
READING TIME:
Baseline Definitions
▪ Body segment, lengths and height
▪ Breadth, depths and circumferences
▪ Surface contours
▪ Body volumes, densities and areas
▪ Envelopes of reach
Postures
▪ Standard sitting and strength
▪ Standard upright sitting
▪ Leaned against a wall with back flattened and buttocks facing the wall
▪ Lying on the back
▪ Other postures depending on task being analyzed
ANTHROPOMETRIC DESIGN PRINCIPLE
DESIGN FOR ALL , FOR ADJUSTMENT, FOR SEVERAL SIZES, EXTREME INDIVIDUALS
The human skeleton is normally composed of
____ bones, with _____ and
_____.
206; connective tissues; articulations
The _______ provides an internal framework
for the whole body
Skeletal bones
the organs that generate force
and movement
Muscles
strong elastic tissues connecting
muscles to bones (M2B)
Tendons
connect bones and provide
capsules around joints (B2J)
Ligaments
translucent, vicoelastic, flexible
material, as articulation surfaces at the joints
Cartilage
Body links that determine the human mobility
Joints
Maximal displacements of the body define the ______.
Range of Motion
the spine consists of _____ movable _____
which are fused groups of rudimentary
bones
24; Vertebras
True or False: the spine is capable of withstanding loads, yet flexible enough to allow a small range
of motion
false; large range of motion
4 regions of the spine
CTLS Cervical; Thoracic; Lumbar; Sacrum
The _______ is often the location of injury, pain and discomfort because it continuously
transmit internal and external strains
spinal column
Back pain results from a combination of _______ and the _____.
Repetitive trauma; Normal aging process
Overexertion injuries have been traced to the compression of ______, particularly the
_______.
Spinal discs ; Lumbar area
maximal tension or force that a muscle can develop voluntarily between its origin and insertion
Muscle Strength
force or torque that can be applied by a body segment to an object external to the body. The body segment may be the hand, elbow, shoulder, back or foot
Body segment strength
is influenced by motivation and the physical conditions under which it is exerted
Strength
Body strength is measured using _____ or ______
analog; digital dynanometers
