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ap world history > Era 1 + 2 > Flashcards

Era 1 + 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Syncretism

A

Combining of cultures

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2
Q

Paleolithic Age time period

A

2.5 million- 10,000 BCE

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3
Q

Paleolithic Age

A

Hominids transitioned from ape-like scavengers to nomadic hunting-gathering humans.

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4
Q

What did humans have during the Paleolithic Age?

A

Fire, simple tools, speech, clothing

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5
Q

Neolithic Age time period

A

Began 10,000 BCE

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6
Q

Neolithic Age

A

People settled down in communities and civilizations emerged, metal tools

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7
Q

River valley civilizations time period

A

3,500- 1,500 BCE

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8
Q

Major river valleys (5)

A

Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, Shang China, South America

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9
Q

Pastoralism

A

Nomadic tribal bands that tamed livestock. Traded, immigrated, invaded civs.

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10
Q

Foraging/ Hunting and gathering societies time period

A

c. 35,000 BCE

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11
Q

Foraging (hunting and gathering) societies

A

Baskets for gathering/ storing, hunting tools, less conflict and more equality

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12
Q

Main locations of foraging (hunting and gathering) societies

A

Migrated from Africa to everywhere until sedentary agri. societies & empires took over fertile areas

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13
Q

Agricultural societies time period

A

8,000 BCE

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14
Q

Agricultural societies

A

Domestication of agri., iron tools, writing systems developed, more inequality

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15
Q

Main locations of agricultural societies

A

Middle East -> river valleys in Mesopotamia, Nile River valley, India, China, Mesoamerica, Andes

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16
Q

Pastoral societies time period

A

8,000 BCE

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17
Q

Pastoral societies

A

Domestication of horses and camels

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18
Q

Main locations of pastoral societies

A

Steppes, grassland, desert, mountains

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19
Q

What led to foraging -> agriculture?

A

More population, less game, climate change

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20
Q

Pastoral and agrarian societies both….

A

Had elite groups accumulate wealth -> social hierarchies and patriarchy

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21
Q

Civilization

A

Large societies w/ cities and powerful states

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22
Q

States

A

Powerful systems of rule that mobilized surplus labor + resources through a divine/ military ruler

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23
Q

Early regions of state expansion or empire building

A

Mesopotamia, Babylonia, and the Nile Valley

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24
Q

Neolithic agricultural inventions

A

Pottery, plows, metallurgy, wheels, and woven textiles

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25
Q

Classical civilizations time period

A

600 BCE- 600 CE

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26
Q

Major classical civilizations

A

Han, Greece, Rome, Maurya, and Gupta

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27
Q

Egyptian culture

A

Concerned with decorative arts, shipbuilding, some medical knowledge

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28
Q

Egypt gov’t system

A

Authoritarian

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29
Q

Egypt vs Mesopotamia

A

Egypt was less advanced in math and astronomy, and had less nobility and merchants

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30
Q

Indus vs. Mesopotamia

A

Indus had cruder weapons than Mesopotamia, stone arrowheads w/ no swords

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31
Q

Indus Valley political organization

A

At Harappa and

Mohenjo-Daro, assumed to be complex and centralized bc of granaries near cities

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32
Q

7 similarities of early river civs.

A
  1. Irrigation systems
  2. Legal codes
  3. Economic systems
  4. Art + written lit
  5. Scientific knowledge, numbering systems, and calendars
  6. Social inequality
  7. City planning and architecture

I Left Ecko’s Art and Science Supplies at the City.

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33
Q

Phoenicians push and pull factor to

A

E. Mediterranean -> N. Africa + S. Europe because of lack of space in homeland and wanted $ from trade

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34
Q

Phoenicians created…

A

Phoenicians created an alphabet with 22 characters -> Greece, Rome, etc.

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35
Q

Israelites

A

From Ur, Mesopotamia -> Canaan w/ Abraham

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36
Q

Jewish effect

A

Basis to Christianity and Islam

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37
Q

Aryans

A

Pastoralists that replaced Indus River valley and eventually became agriculturalists. Created the caste system

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38
Q

Aryan effect

A

Aryan stories became he basis for Hinduism

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39
Q

Huns

A

Attila the Hun and Mongolians that pushed Germanic tribes outta Roman Empire, caused fall of W. Rome, Han, and Gupta

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40
Q

Germanic people

A

Found from the Black Sea to the Rhine, pushed outta Roman Empire by Huns

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41
Q

4 classical civ similarities

A

Patriarchy families, agriculture based economies, complex gov’ts, trade base

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42
Q

Silk Road

A

China -> Mediterranean Turkey, passages with stops, Chinese silk was wanted the most

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43
Q

Indian Ocean trade

A

3 legs

  1. Africa to ME w/ India
  2. India to SE Asia
  3. SE Asia - Canton China
44
Q

Persian Empire culture and religion (3)

A
  1. Tolerance for conquered people
  2. Infrastructure: roads/trade (ME-> Asia), postal service
  3. Zoroastrianism
45
Q

Persian Empire political organization (2)

A
  1. Authoritarian, Centralized bureaucracy: taxes, provinces, satraps
  2. Conquered by Alex the Great
46
Q

Later Persian empires

A

Parthian, Sassanid

47
Q

Persian empire social structure (4)

A
  • Slavery was rare
  • Military nobility
  • Religious tolerance
  • Hellenistic influence on art
48
Q

Greek culture: Athens

A
  1. Education
  2. Political theory
  3. Celebrated humans
  4. Philosophy + science for logic
  5. Sculptures, lit, math, written language (record keeping)
49
Q

Greek trade

A

Great seafaring skills centered around Aegean and traveled around Mediterranean

50
Q

Greek political organization (2)

A
  • NO CENTRAL GOV’T

- City states with different gov’ts

51
Q

Athens gov’t (2)

A
  • tyrants -> citizen assembly

- direct democracy: lottery for positions

52
Q

Sparta social structure

A
  • Women more equal to men, allowed to be fit
  • Wealth accumulation not allowed
  • Slavery common
53
Q

Athens social structure

A
  • Men > Women and slaves (couldn’t participate in gov’t)

- Social status dependent on land ownership and cultural sophistication

54
Q

Roman military techniques (3)

A

Conquer but don’t oppress, army divided into legions, emphasized org. and rewarding military talent

55
Q

Roman culture (2)

A
  • from Greece: Art, lit, philosophy, science

- engineering and architecture: road systems, aqueduct, bridge (arch)

56
Q

Roman religion (2)

A
  • Polytheistic from Greeks
    (Unimportant)
  • Christianity dev. during LATE Empire pd.
57
Q

Roman era 1

A

Republic rule by aristos, and assemblies. Senate most powerful w/ 2 consuls (military)

58
Q

Roman era 2

A
  • Empire: emperor chosen by Senate (lol jk predecessor)
59
Q

Roman law

A
  • Developed the rule of law
60
Q

Roman social structure

A

Patricians (aristos), middle class merchants, and plebeians (peasants)

61
Q

What was Roman wealth based on?

A

Land ownership (like China)

62
Q

Where were Roman slaves used?

A

Households, mines, large estates, manual labor

63
Q

Patron client system

A

Used by Rome by wealthy patrons and less fortunate clients

64
Q

Zhou dynasty

A

Confucianism develops in late Zhou dynasty, emperor rules by Mandate of Heaven

65
Q

Religions in China during 500 BCE- 600 CE

A

Confucianism dominates, legalism and daoism develop, Buddhism appears but no influential yet

66
Q

Qin Dynasty- Shi Huangdi

A

Harsh rule through Shi Huangdi (1st real emperor), hated intellectuals. But he built the Great Wall, had clay soldiers and lavish tomb

67
Q

Han dynasty- religion

A
  • Confucianism dominates the political and social structure, so Chinese identity is cemented
68
Q

Chinese inventions

A

Water mills, paper, compass, pottery, silk-making, 365 calendar, ox plows

69
Q

Chinese capital Xi’An

A

Sophisticated, diverse

70
Q

Han dynasty- politics

A

Strong centralized gov’t, supported by bureaucrats thru civil service exams (5 classics)

71
Q

Qin dynasty- Shi Huangdi ruling style and created…

A

Autocratic, and created national census, 1 single law code, and a tax system

72
Q

What was Chinese wealth based on?

A

Land ownership (like Rome)

73
Q

Chinese social structure

A

Landowners/ Bureaucrats
Merchants
Peasants
Laborers

74
Q

Mauryan/ Gupta religion

A

Mauryans: Buddhists
Guptas: Hindu

75
Q

India trade?

A

India was open to trade and expansion thru Silk Road and Indian Ocean ❤️, so merchants had high status

76
Q

Indian inventions

A
  • Arabic numerals (based on 10 system)
  • Astronomy
  • Medicine
  • Math
77
Q

Was India politically unified?

A

NOPE, because geographic barriers and diverse ppl -> fragment small kingdoms

78
Q

Importance of Indian political authority

A

Political authority was less important than caste membership + group alliances

79
Q

How were the Mauryan and Gupta empires formed?

A

Mauryan and Gupta were formed based on military conquest

80
Q

Mauryan emperor Ashoka

A

Converted to Buddhism, kept the religion alive

81
Q

Gupta empire

A

Used theater state techniques to impress visitors and coverup political weakness

82
Q

India politics

A

Diversity of political forms, including regionalism

83
Q

Role of women during Gupta

A

Women’s status declined during Gupta, during increased acquisition + inheritance of property

84
Q

Sati

A

Indian ritual for wealthy women, cremate themselves in husband’s funeral pyre

85
Q

Indian caste system

A 
Warriors
Priests ⬆️ during epic age
Farmers 
Laborers 
Untouchables (no slavery)
86
Q

Order of classical civs fall

A

Han, W. Roman Empire, Gupta

87
Q

Factors that caused Han, Rome, and Gupta to fall (4)

A
  1. Attacks from Huns
  2. Deterioration of political institutions
  3. Protecting/ maintaining borders
  4. Diseases from trade

ADPD

88
Q

Deterioration of political institutions (3)

A

Corruption, weak rulers, moral decay from previous years

89
Q

Protection/ maintenance of borders

A

Borders were too large for military to guard (Great walls and Huns)

90
Q

Attacks from Huns

A

Migrations caused by drought and lack of pasture, and the stirrup facilitated attacks

91
Q

Diseases that followed trade routes

A

Plagued and epidemics killed as much as 1/2 of each population

92
Q

Gupta decline

A

Gupta’s dependence on alliances with regional princes broke down -> political fragmentation

93
Q

Rome’s decline

A

Lasted the longest, empire split into 2, eastern half asked another 1,000 years

94
Q

Which empire lasted the longest out of 3?

A

Rome

95
Q

Which empire’s fall had the last amount of impact, and why?

A

Gupta’s fall had the last amount of impact, partly bc it was already not politically united, and bc of Hinduism + the caste system

96
Q

Impact of fall least to greatest

A

Gupta, Han, Rome

97
Q

Han’s fall

A

Problematic for China bc of their strong centralized gov’t, which led to social disorder. But, they had dynastic cycles thru Mandate of Heaven, and Confucianism

98
Q

Rome’s fall

A

Roman civilization depended almost exclusively on the gov’t + military to control territory.

99
Q

Effect of Christianity on Rome’s fall

A

Even tho Christianity emerge as a major religion, it appeared so late in the empire it didn’t unify ppl

100
Q

What happened to areas of Roman Empire after its fall?

A

The areas of the Roman Empire fragmented into small parts and dev. unique characteristics

101
Q

Fall of 3 empires on trade in general and Indian Ocean

A

Trade was disrupted but survived with increased long distance contact.

Trade on the Indian Ocean even increased as weak political authority affected overland trade

102
Q

Fall of 3 empires on religion

A

The importance of

religion > political authority

103
Q

Christianity and Buddhism during fall of 3 empires

A

In the west, Christianity slowly developed

Buddhism spread quickly in China threatening Confucianism

104
Q

Islam during fall of 3 empires

A

Political disunity in ME ➡️ Islam in 600 CE

105
Q

Mandate of Heaven

A

The belief that dynasties rise and fall according to the will of heaven/ ancestors

ap world history (6 decks)

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