Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Module 10 > Equine Vet & CVS > Flashcards

Equine Vet & CVS Flashcards

1
Q

what does stage 1 of a PPE involve

A

thorough clinical exam at rest to detect clinically apparent signs of injury, disease of physical abnormality (visual, palpation, manipulation)

exam of incisor teeth (age), eye, heart, lungs at rest

observe surroundings as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does the cardiovascular exam involve

A

often healthy horse –> overt disease is rare (looking for abnormalities that might affect performance)

before (at rest), during and after exercise (recovery)

  1. observation: (resp rate, effort, depth), peripheral vasculature
  2. palpation: edema, peripheral perfusion (extremities warm)
  3. pulse: rate, rhythm and quality
  4. mucous membranes and capillary refill time
  5. jugular veins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the rules of cardiac auscultation

A
  1. palpate both sides for apex beat
  2. auscultate both sides
  3. usually best to have forelimb cranial
  4. have a systemic approach to encompass all valve areas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

outline the auscultation steps in the horse

A
  1. palpate left apex beat
  2. place stethoscope on this point
    - establish heart sounds, rate and rhythm
    - landmark for mitral valve –> move stethoscope radially around this point
  3. then move stethoscope cm by cm in cranial/dorsal directioni
    - towards heart base and underneath triceps muscle for the outflow/semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary)
    - perform radial scan
  4. palpate apex beat on right side
  5. auscultate as far cranial as possible (forelimb cranial, beneath triceps muscle)
  6. tricuspid valve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the normal heart sounds

A

S4 (lu): contraction of atria

S1 (lub): atrioventricular valve closure –> start of systole (S)

S2 (dup): aortic and pulmonary valves closure –> start of diastole (D)

S3 (de): end of rapid ventricular filling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is a second degree atrioventricular block

A

not clincally significant –> physiological arrhythmia

P waves (atria depolarization) not conducted to ventricles

rhythm regularly irregular

  • dropped beat after every 2 or 3 normal contractions
  • S4 may be heard in isolation
  • rhythm should revert to normal with excitment or exercise
  • can confirm with ECG - P wave visible with no associated QRS-T
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is stage 2 of the PPE

A

walk and trot in hand

need firm level ground

turn sharply in both directions and back up

flexion tests and trot in circle on firm surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is stage 3 of PPE

A

exercise phase

need large area

sufficient exercise to allow assessment of the horse (when it has an increased breathing effort and an increased heart rate)

walk, trot, canter and if appropriate gallop

unless a good reason should be ridden exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is stage 4 PPE

A

in stable

monitor cvs and resp system as return to resting levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is stage 5 of PPE

A

second trot up

walk and trot in hand again –> looking for strains or injuries made evident by the exercise and rest stage

blood sample for storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are additional investigations

A

radiographs

echocardiography

opthalmology

endoscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is 2 stage PPE

A

limited exam

stage 1: preliminary exam

stage 2: walk and trot in hand

can be performed but not ideal

owner needs to complete a disclaimer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is equine insurance coverage

A

vet fees

all risk mortality

loss of use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the vets role in the pre-insurance exam

A

pre-insurance exam allows insurance company to assess risk and relate to level of cover –> pre-existing conditions usually will be excluded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is pre-insurance exam on a newly purchased horse

A

often use PPE form to obtain insurance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is pre-insurance exam on already in ownersup horse

A

depends on value

detailed exam - 5 stage (loss of use and vet fees)

limited exam - 2 stage (all-risks of mortality)

17
Q

what is all-risks of mortality insurance

A

insured value of horse paid: sudden death or destroyed on humane grounds (may be immediate, or after second opinion/consultation with insurance company)

18
Q

what is loss of use insurance

A

reimbursement if animal develops a permanent disability

requires diagnosis and treatment options (including those tried) –> usually requires non response to prolonged treatment (12 months), prognosis

often a second opinion is/has been obtained

once agreed and claim paid –> proof of destruction or retire horse (freeze brand)

19
Q

what does high metabolic rate require for the air to muscle transport of oxygen

A

oxidation of carbohydrate mainly glycogen

20
Q

what does the horse muscle contain

A

high volume of mitochondria

large stores of glycogen

lots of energy for contraction and a high oxidative (aerobic) capacity (VO2max)

21
Q

what is VO2max

A

maximum rate of oxygen consumption

22
Q

what is the horse VO2max

A

180-200 ml O2/kg/min

23
Q

why does the horse have such a high VO2max

A
  1. resp system: large lung capacity/gas exchange surface area
  2. CVS: efficient circulation to deliver oxygen to tissues, high max cardiac outoput, high oxygen carrying capacity (high Hb concentration, splenic contraction at start of exercise increases PCV)
24
Q

what needs to occur to be able to work at max capacity (6)

A
  1. high maximal aerobic capacity
  2. large intramuscular stores of glycogen
  3. high mitochondrial volume in muscle
  4. ability to increase oxygen-carrying capacity of blood by splenic contraction
  5. efficiency of gait: muscular work of galloping halved by elastic storage of energy in muscle and tendon units
  6. efficient thermoregulation: need to dissipate heat generated
25
Q

what are 3 areas of poor performance

A
  1. decrease in performance level: not performing as expected, previously performed well
  2. exercise intolerance: marked decrease in performance level, not capable of training at previous level
  3. unable to compete at expected level: unproven horse, breeding would suggest should be good, trains well but poor in competition
26
Q

what are factors limiting performance

A
  1. genetic
  2. training
  3. intrinsic factors
  4. extrinsic factors (raining, hard ground, etc)
27
Q

how is poor performance investigated

A
  1. history and general physical exam
  2. evaluation of musculoskeletal system
  3. laboratory screening
  4. evaluation resp system (endoscopy, resp sampling)
  5. evaluation of cvs (ECG, echocardiography)
  6. exercise testing (field or treadmill)
  7. post exercise evaluation
28
Q

what is dorsal displacement of soft palate (DDSP)

A

ex. 2 year old TB okay in training, during last race was competing well but 2/3 into race pulled up making loud gurgling noise

normal URT endoscopy at rest

dynamic overground –> free border of soft palate slip from beneath the epiglottis, obstructs breathing esp during expiration

29
Q

what is inflammatory airway disease

A

mild to moderate equine asthma

impairement of pulmonary function/gas exchange

diagnosed on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology –> increased nucleated cell counts and/or proportions of inflammatory cells principally neutrophils but also mast cells and eosinophils

30
Q

what is a CVS issue that may decrease performance

A

irregularly, irregular heart rhythm

variable intensity of heart sounds, with no S4 audible

arterial pulse varies in intensity sometimes with a pulse deficit

31
Q

what is recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (RER) and how is it diagnosed

A

occasionally stiff post exercise

exercise test –> blood sample before 30 mins of light exercise and then at 4 and 24 hours

see an increase in creatinine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) post exercise –> problems with muscle metabolism

muscle biopsy –> striated muscle cells damaged releasing muscle enzymes in blood and myoglobin

32
Q

what is hock osteoarthritis and how is it diagnosed

A

dragging hindlimbs over jumps/refusing jumps

lame hindlimbs but can be toe dragging/shortened stride on both hindlimbs

lameness improve with intro of local anaesthetic into tarsometatarsal joints

hock radiographs –> osteoarthritis identified associated with tarsometatarsal and distal intertarsal joints

degenerative joint disease (hock arthritis, or bone spavin)

33
Q

what is equine gastric ulceration syndrome (EGUS) and how is it diagnosed

A

gastroscopy

squamous mucosa ulceration seen

due to lack of fibre in diet to buffer acid, large amounts of concentrates –> rapid gastric emptying and increased acidity

acid splashing during exercise

sustained high speed work –> impaired blood flow to mucosa and therefore healing

ulceration causes pain + discomfort

Module 10 (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions