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749 - Ex 1 > Equine Urinary - Nout Loma > Flashcards

Equine Urinary - Nout Loma Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 most common equine renal/urinary conditions?

A
  1. Azotemia
  2. Hematuria, pigmentation
  3. Urinary incontinence
  4. PU/PD
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2
Q

Weight loss and abnormal urination are ____

A

The most common clinical signs of renal/urinary disease

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3
Q

Besides weight loss and abnormal urination, what are some other clinical signs that may be noticed?

A

Lethargy, anorexia, ventral edema, urine scalding (acidic urine), excessive dental tartar, colic, abnormal or excessive posturing, and excessively wet stall

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4
Q

The normal water intake for a horse is _____ ml/kg/day

A

60-65

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5
Q

Normal equine urine is ______ to ______ and often ____ because of _____ crystals and mucus

A

pale yellow to deep tan

turbid

CaCO3

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6
Q

What two drugs are of particular importance when getting a history of drug administration?

A

Aminoglycosides and NSAIDs

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7
Q

Lab abnormalities that may indicate renal or urinary disease in the horse:
CBC
Chem

A

CBC:
- anemia

Chem:

  • azotemia (primarily creatinine, BUN may or may not be increased)
  • hyponatremia
  • hyperkalemia
  • hypocalcemia (ARF)
  • hypercalcemia (CRF)
  • Albumin > Globulins
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8
Q

Normal USG for horses is: 1.020-1.050

What do these suggest:
Hyposthenuria
Isosthenuria
Hypersthenuria

A

Hyposthenuria < 1.008 - normal in foals

Isosthenuria 1.008-1.014 - chronic renal failure

Hypersthenuria > 1.014

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9
Q

The normal pH of horse urine is

A

7-9

Exercise and bacteriuria may lead to acidification

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10
Q

What three pertinent structures can you palpate on rectal exam?

A
  1. Bladder
  2. Left kidney
  3. Ureter - palpable when enlarged!
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11
Q

Prerenal azotemia is characterized by concurrent elevation of ____ and USG > ____.

Note that USG should be determined prior to fluids and/or a-2 agonsts

A

Creatinine

> 1.020

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12
Q

If the azotemia is renal, ___% of the nephrons are nonfunctional and often USG is < _____ since concentrating fxn is often lost

A

75%

< 1.020

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13
Q

Postrenal azotemia is a result of continued absorption of ___ from urine that is not voided

A

Creatinine

This can occur when the bladder is ruptured or when there is obstruction of urine outflow

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14
Q

_____ is the result of sudden, major damage to the kidneys. Damage is usually caused by severe dehydration but is also frequently caused by drugs/toxins, and pigmenturia.

A

Acute Renal Failure or AKI

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15
Q

What are the clinical signs of ARF?

A

Clinical signs are usually related to the inciting problem, and thus ARF may not be suspected or detected unless specifically looked for

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16
Q

How do you tx ARF?

A

Should focus on reversing inciting or underlying problem, correcting fluid and electrolyte imbalances.

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17
Q

_____ is a syndrome of progressive loss of renal function that results in loss of urinary concentrating ability, retention of nitrogenous and other metabolic end products, alterations in electrolyte and acid-base status, and dysfunction of several hormone systems

A

Chronic Renal Failure

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18
Q

_____ is a clinical syndrome of multiple organ dysfunction, that develops with CRF

A

Uremia

19
Q

Are most cases of CRF due to congenital or acquired disease?

A

Acquired (~84%)

20
Q

Whats the prognosis for horses with CRF?

A

Long-term prognosis is grave

Short-term is more favorable

CRF is often not diagnosed until the horse is in end stage renal failure

21
Q

In animals with CRF, the gross examination revealed ____ kidneys, that are _____, and ____, and may have an ____ surface and an adherent capsule

A

pale

shrunken

firm

irregular

22
Q

Histologically, kidneys from an animal with CRF have severe _____ and extensive ____

A

glomerulosclerosis

interstitial fibrosis

23
Q

_____ is the most common presenting complaint for horses with CRF

A

Chronic weight loss

24
Q

Excessive dental tartar (esp on canine teeth) and uremic odor are signs that should may you think of..

A

CRF

25
Q

The presence of red or brown discoloration of freshly voided urine indicates ____ or _____(hemoglobin, myoglobin, or plant-derived pigments)

A

Hematuria or pigmenturia

26
Q

How do you differentiate hematuria from hemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria?

A

Centrifuge sample… if sample separates (layer of RBCs covered by clear urine) = hematuria

If the sample remains discolored after centrifugation = hemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria is the cause

27
Q

Clinical signs of myopathy and markedly increased serum ____ indicate myoglobinuria as a cause of urine discoloration

A

CK

28
Q

You are trying to differentiate hemoglobinuria from myoglobinuria - in which case would the SERUM be clear? pink or red?

A

Clear = myoglobinuria; pigment is rapidly cleared from the serum

Pink to red = hemoglobinuria; systemic hemolysis

29
Q

Causes of hematuria include… (9)

A 
urolithiasis 
cystitis 
urethral rents 
pyelonephiritis 
idiopathic hematuria 
verminous nephritis 
renal and vesicular neoplasia 
Blister beetle toxicosis
30
Q

The most common clinical sign displayed by horses affected with cystic calculus is _____

A

hematuria observed after exercise

31
Q

Almost all uroliths of horses are composed of ______, and thus a low-Ca diet is recommended to prevent recurrence

A

Ca Carbonate

32
Q

How can urinary incontinence be divided?

A

Neurological, non-neurological, and idiopathic

33
Q

Urinary incontinence due to developmental anomalies (ectopic ureter), cystolithiasis, and consequential to pregnancy and parturition are classified as _____

A

Non-neurological

34
Q

Urinary incontinence due to EHV-1 myelencephalopathy, cauda equina neuritis, intoxications, and sacral trauma are classified as _____

A

Neurological

35
Q

Traditionally, neurological categorization of urinary incontinence includes an ___ bladder or a _____ bladder

A

UMN or LMN

36
Q

Incontinence that is manifested as intermittent squirts of urine is the classic finding for an _____ bladder

A

UMN

37
Q

A large bladder and flaccid urethral sphincter is seen with _____ bladder

A

LMN

38
Q

Prognosis for Urinary Incontinence - pretty straightforward

A

Prognosis is generally favorable if the underlying cause can be resolved

Prognosis is generally poor in those with long-standing UI

39
Q

Common dz related causes for PU/PD in the horse are _______ and ______

A

PPID and Psychogenic PD

40
Q

PD in adult horses can be defined as water consumption _____ ml/kg/day

A

> 100

> ~10% of BW

41
Q

PU is defined as urine production > ____ ml/kg/day

A

50

5% BW

42
Q

Normal urine production is typically between ____ and _____ ml/kg/day

A

15-30

43
Q

What represents the major route of water loss in normal horses?

A

feces

749 - Ex 1 (21 decks)

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