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Module 14 > Equine Field Anesthesia: The Drugs > Flashcards

Equine Field Anesthesia: The Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

what are the categories of drugs

A
  1. tranquilizers: phenothiazines, butyrophenones
  2. alpha 2 agonists
  3. benzodiazepines
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2
Q

what class of drug is acepromazine

A

phenothiazine

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3
Q

what is the effect of acepromazine

A
  1. calming
  2. indifference
  3. decreased locomotor activity
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4
Q

what is the mechanism of action of acepromazine

A
  1. dopamine D1 and D2
  2. a2
  3. muscarinic
  4. serotnergic
  5. histamine
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5
Q

how is acepromazine administered

A

injectable and PO

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6
Q

what is the time to peak effect after acepromazine administration

A

IV: 20 min

IM: 45-60 min

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7
Q

what drugs does acepromazine act synergistically with

A

a2 agonists and opioids for analgesia and CNS depression

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8
Q

what is the effect of acepromazine and opioid combo

A

acepromazine may counteract opioid excitability

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9
Q

how does acepromazine reduce mortaility in GA (4)

A
  1. antiarrhythmic
  2. vasodilation –> perfusion increases
  3. anesthetic requirements decreased
  4. smoother recovery
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10
Q

what are the disadvantages of acepromazine (5)

A
  1. no reliable sedation
  2. no analgesia
  3. long duration of action (4-6 hours)
  4. no antagonist
  5. not licensed or in table 1 for farm animals
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11
Q

what are the adverse effects of acepromazine (4)

A
  1. vasodilation –> hypotension
  2. seizure threshold decreases
  3. priapism
  4. may increase risk of of regurgitation
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12
Q

what are the contraindication of acepromazine (3)

A
  1. pre-exisiting hypotension
  2. history of seizures
  3. breeding stallions
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13
Q

what are alpha 2 agonists

A

sedative

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14
Q

do alpha 2 agonists have analgesia

A

yes

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15
Q

do alpha 2 agonists offer reliable sedation in horses

A

yes

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16
Q

what are the effects of alpha 2 agonists

A
  1. resp: upper airway obstruction
  2. CV: bradycardia, initial hypertension, arrhythmogenicity
  3. others: decreased GI motility, diuresis, sweating, muscle relaxation
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17
Q

what are the alpha 2 agonists and their concentration, volume required, duration of action, standing chemical restraint (yes/no), routes of administration, species

A
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18
Q

what is the benzodiazepine mechanism of action

A

GABAA receptor agonist

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19
Q

what are benzodiazepine used for

A

sedatives and adjunct anesthetic drugs

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20
Q

what are examples of benzodiazepine

A

midazolam and diazepam

21
Q

can benzodiazepine be used in foals

A

yes < 4 weeks

22
Q

what are the effects and side effects of benzodiazepine (6)

A
  1. CNS: sedation, anesthetic sparing effect, anticonvulsive action
  2. resp: depression
  3. minimal effects at clinically relevent doses
  4. muscle relaxation
  5. counteracts muscle rigidity caused by ketamine
  6. ataxia after prolonged infusion in horses
23
Q

what opioid is allowed in food producing animals

A

butorphanol

24
Q

what are the opioids and the licensing, receptor action, administration, duration of action, sedative action, species

A
25
Q

what are the opioids side effects in horses (4)

A
  1. CNS: locomotion, dysphoria
  2. resp: minimal effects at clinically relevant doses, increase resp rate (alone), potentiation of resp depression (with alpha 2 agonists)
  3. CV: minimal effects, opioids alone heart rate and BP increased, when combined with a2 agonists tend to predominate
  4. histamine release: morphine + pethidine
26
Q

what are the actions of NSAIDs

A
  1. anti-inflammatory
  2. anti-pyretic
  3. analgesia
27
Q

what are the anesthetic induction drugs (5)

A
  1. ketamine
  2. thiopentone
  3. propofol
  4. alfaxalone
  5. guaifenesin
28
Q

what effect does ketamine have

A
  1. dissociative anesthetic
  2. analgesic (skin and musculoskeletal pain, poor for visceral pain)
29
Q

what mechanism of action does ketamine use

A

NMDA antagonist

30
Q

what is ketamine used for (4)

A
  1. sedation in pigs and cattle
  2. induction
  3. anesthetic maintenance
  4. post operative analgesia
31
Q

what is ketamine combined with for induction

A

benzodiazepines or guaifenesin

+/- thiopentone in food producing animals

32
Q

how is ketamine used for anesthetic maintanence

A

+/- muscle relaxant and/or alpha 2 agonist

emergency top up drug in horses

33
Q

what are the effects and side effects of ketamine

A
34
Q

what is thiopentone

A

short acting barbiturate

GABAA receptor agonist

35
Q

what is the onset and duration of thiopentone

A

fast onset (30s) and short duration (<10 min)

36
Q

does thiopentone provide analgesia

A

no

37
Q

is thiopentone licensed

A

no

38
Q

what are the uses of thiopentinone

A

emergency top up in horses

39
Q

what are the side effects of thiopentone

A
40
Q

what is guaifenesin

A

centrally acting muscle relaxant

41
Q

does guaifenesin provide analgesia

A

no

42
Q

how is guaifenesin administered

A

infused IV to effect or as part of triple drip

43
Q

what are the effects and side effects of guaifenesin

A
44
Q

how does propofol act

A

GABAA agonist

45
Q

what is propofol used

A
  1. anesthetic induction
  2. anesthetic maintenance
46
Q

what is alfaxalone

A

GABAA agonist

47
Q

what is alfaxalone used for

A
  1. induction
  2. sedation in pigs (IM) in combo with opioid and midazolam
48
Q

what are the effects on recovery in horses of alfaxalone

A

poor recoveries

Module 14 (29 decks)

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