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Equine Nutrition and Physiology > Equine Digestive Tract Anatomy: foregut > Flashcards

Equine Digestive Tract Anatomy: foregut Flashcards

1
Q

how an animal is fed is dependent on…

A

first on what is available and the anatomy of the digestive system

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2
Q

horses flourished in america

A

because of the environment, they did not flourish in other countries because good feed wasn’t available and intestinal parasites were abundant

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3
Q

horses digestive system

A

long esophagus, small stomach (acidic), hindgut fermentation in the large and functional cecum

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4
Q

ruminant digestive system

A

foregut fermentation in rumen, leftover nutrients are absorbed in true stomach (abomasum)

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5
Q

human digestive system

A

hindgut fermentation, no functional cecum

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6
Q

pig digestive system

A

no functional cecum, hindgut fermentation, grain based diet

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7
Q

cellulose

A

50% carbon, structural carbohydrate, not available to mammalian enzymes

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8
Q

cellulase

A

bacterial enzyme necessary for the breakdown of cellulose (cellulytic bacteria)

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9
Q

efficiency of cellulose breakdown

A

dependent on size of fermentation vat

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10
Q

end product of fermentation

A

energy, short chain VFA

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11
Q

crainial fermentation

A

ruminants

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12
Q

caudal fermentation

A

horses

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13
Q

process and outcome of fermentation

A

identical in rumen and cecum

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14
Q

position of fermentation vat in relation to small intestine

A

important in animal’s physiology and digestion

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15
Q

horse

A

fermentation after small intestine

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16
Q

cow

A

fermentation before small intestine

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17
Q

digest cellulose

A

both ruminants and cecal digestors

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18
Q

directly utilize dietary hexose (glucose)

A

ruminants don’t, cecal digestors do

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19
Q

ruminant utilization of glucose

A

first utilized by bacteria, digest and absorb short chain fatty acids

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20
Q

cecal digestors utilization of glucose

A

mostly digested and absorbed in foregut

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21
Q

utilize microbial protein

A

ruminants can, cecal digestors can’t

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22
Q

ruminant utilization of microbial protein

A

microbial protein absorbed because fermentation is before the small intestine

23
Q

cecal digestor utilization of microbial protein

A

microbial protein is excreted in feces, VFA absorbed in large intestine

24
Q

microbial protein

A

ruminant microbes washed down through tract and digested and absorbed

25
Q

horse digestive system classification

A

non-ruminant herbivore or monogastric with a functional cecum

26
Q

efficiency of fermentation vat

A

dependent on the size of the vat

27
Q

why don’t horses have a rumen?

A

they would be less athletic, rumen is large while the hindgut system is smaller

28
Q

horse digestive anatomy: mouth

A

mastication and saliva production

29
Q

horse saliva production

A

5-10 liters per day

30
Q

saliva is produced with chewing

A

more chewing equals more saliva

31
Q

saliva function

A

aids in making soft bolus for swallowing and buffers stomach acid to prevent ulcers in stomach and esophagus

32
Q

discreet feeding downfalls

A

less chewing causes less saliva and less buffering of the stomach, leading to ulcers, tonic gastrin leads to stomach ulcers

33
Q

esophagus

A

contains cardiac valve that is functional, difficult to expel gas by eructation or vomitting

34
Q

cardiac valve

A

can close off and cause gastric rupture, gastric distention, and colic

35
Q

colic

A

general term for gastrointestinal distress and pain, commonly caused by hindgut

36
Q

horse esophagus

A

smooth muscle decreased compared to cows, sheep, and dogs because horses don’t eructate

37
Q

stomach

A

small, 10% of total tract, with a fast flow rate

38
Q

gastric emptying

A

dependent of intake, rate of flow increases with volume, impacts digestive efficiency

39
Q

two functional sphincters of the foregut-stomach

A

cardiac and pyloric

40
Q

foregut-stomach glandular tissue

A

secretory function

41
Q

hydrochloric acid

A

continuously secreted, acidic environment that kills bacteria

42
Q

pepsinogen

A

converts to pepsin and breaks down peptides

43
Q

gastrin

A

peptide continuously secreted and in response to gastric distention secreted from gastrin cells in stomach mucosa, stimulates secretion of HCl and protein synthesis in the stomach and duodenum

44
Q

gastrin

A

continuously excreted because horses are always eating, gastrin is released in response to presence of food in stomach and causes release of gastric acid leading to the low pH of the stomach

45
Q

what is buffering the stomach?

A

saliva from chewing, more saliva leads to a higher buffering capacity

46
Q

foregut-small intestine parts

A

duodenum (1 m), jejunum (25 m), ileum (0.5 m)

47
Q

foregut-small intestine similar function

A

similar function to other monogastric and ruminant animals

48
Q

small intestine function

A

digestion and absorption of protein (amino acids), carbohydrates (monosaccharides), fats (fatty acids), vitamins and minerals

49
Q

fats in horses

A

important for equine diet, able to feed more fat and not influence fermentation

50
Q

fat in ruminants

A

fat decreases fermentation in ruminants

51
Q

small intestine rate of passage

A

quick, 5 hour on average for solids, liquids pass to the hindgut faster

52
Q

rate of passage intake

A

increased intake increases rate of passage

53
Q

rate of passage feed

A

affected by physical form of feed, pelleted rations pass quicker than long-stem forage

Equine Nutrition and Physiology (4 decks)

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