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ASC 410 > Equine Athletes > Flashcards

Equine Athletes Flashcards

1
Q

The three ways to describe exercise amount:

A

-frequency (how often)
-duration (how long)
-intensity (how hard)

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2
Q

What fuels exercise?

A

ATP

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3
Q

ATP

A

gives energy
-aerobic ATP is the most efficient and sustainable
-require O2

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4
Q

VO2

A

the volume of oxygen used per unit of body mass per minute
-the amount the body is USING not inhaling

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5
Q

What is the VO2 at rest?

A

about 5 ml/kg/min

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6
Q

What happens once a horse reaches its max intensity?

A

it starts producing oxygen anerobically

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7
Q

Oxygen use _____ in horses

A

varies

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8
Q

Most better athletes have:

A

-a higher VO2 max
-lower oxygen utilization at a given submaximal exercise intensity

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9
Q

What part of the body needs oxygen?

A

muscles

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10
Q

What systems deliver oxygen?

A

the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system

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11
Q

Oxygen delivery in the cardiovascular system:

A
  1. blood (RBCs)
  2. vasculature
  3. heart
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12
Q

Red blood cell (RBC)

A

-erythrocyte
-main oxygen carrying component in the blood

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13
Q

In the erythrocyte, oxygen is associate with…

A

hemoglobins
-brings O2 to organs
-takes CO2 away

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14
Q

Splenic contraction

A

-the spleen stores extra red blood cells
-during excitement, exercise, etc. some extra red blood cells are released into the circulation by the spleen

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15
Q

PCV/Hemotocrit

A

measures % amount of red blood cells in circulation

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16
Q

What is the effect of exercise on cell volume?

A

with exercise and intensity of exercise there are more RBCs due to splenic contraction

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17
Q

Arterial

A

blood going to the muscles (with O2)

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18
Q

Venous

A

blood coming from the muscles (with CO2)

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19
Q

How does vasculature adapt during exercise?

A

through vasodilation

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20
Q

Vasodilation

A

-vessels widen
-allows for more/better blood flow to the muscles
-does not happen immediately (why you have to warm up)

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21
Q

What is the resting HR?

A

30-40 bmp

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22
Q

Steady exercise on HR has what effect?

A

little to no effect

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23
Q

HR increases during exercise with…

A

-intensity/more difficult training
-once the horse tires

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24
Q

Factors affecting exercise intensity:

A

-speed
-weight carried
-incline
-ground resistance

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25
Q

What can HR indicate?

A

the effects of all the factors that affect exercise intensity

26
Q

What is HR a good indicator of?

A

total effort

27
Q

Max heart rate of athletic horses?

A

about 220-240 bmp

28
Q

Max heart rate of less athletic horses?

A

about 150-160 bmp

29
Q

What can HR also be affected by other than effort?

A

-excitement
-fear
-pain

30
Q

Heart rate (HR) =

A

beats/min

31
Q

Stroke volume (SV) =

A

liters/beat

32
Q

Cardiac output (CO) =

A

HR x SV

33
Q

Cardiac output increases during exercise primarily due to…

A

an increase in HR

34
Q

What happens to stroke volume during exercise?

A

it does not increase, it could even decrease

35
Q

Oxygen delivery by the cardiovascular system increases during exercise due to:

A

-splenic contraction
-vasodilation
-increase in cardiac output (from increased HR)

36
Q

Nose breathers

A

horses do not breath through their mouths

37
Q

What does the upper airway do in horses?

A

-humidifies air
-brings in air
-warms air

38
Q

What does the lower airway and lungs do in horses?

A

-brings oxygen into the blood
-pulls CO2 out of the blood

39
Q

Respiration rate

A

number of breaths taken per minute

40
Q

Tidal volume

A

volume of air per breath

41
Q

Minute volume

A

volume of air per minute

42
Q

Resting RR

A

about 8-16 rpm

43
Q

Galloping RR

A

about 120 rpm

44
Q

Resting TV

A

about 5-6 liters

45
Q

Galloping TV

A

about 12-14 liters

46
Q

Resting MV

A

about 70-80 liters

47
Q

Galloping MV

A

about 1500 liters

48
Q

At a gallop and canter, RR is linked to:

A

stride rate
-they can breath as fast as they can move their legs

49
Q

What is the good about RR linked to stride rate?

A

Good
-they exhale with less energy expenditure because the piston effect allows them to not have to use their diaphragm to exhale

50
Q

What is the bad about RR linked to stride rate?

A

Bad
-when cantering/galloping slowly they have to breath slowly-they have to learn how to control their breath when going slow

51
Q

Is the respiratory system limiting during submaximal exercise in normal horses?

A

not really

52
Q

What may the respiratory system be a limiting factor to?

A

race performance

53
Q

At rest, a ______ amount of oxygen in the blood will be used by the _______

A

small; muscles

54
Q

At submaximal exercise, ________ oxygen is used by ______ but ______ maintain 100% O2 saturation in blood

A

more; muscles; lungs

55
Q

At maximal exercise, _______ oxygen is used by muscle, but lungs don’t maintain 100% O2 saturation in arterial blood

A

more
-becomes harder for muscles to get enough oxygen

56
Q

Except at max exercise, a normal respiratory tract can…

A

maintain oxygen content in the blood

57
Q

What factors of the respiratory system can limit performance?

A

upper and lower airway diseases

58
Q

Upper airway diseases

A

-left laryngeal hemiplegia (roaring)
-dorsal displacement of soft palate (choking)

59
Q

Lower airway diseases

A

-exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage (bleeding)
-recurrent airway obstruction (heaves)
-inflammatory airway disease (asthma)

60
Q

Parts of the throat

A

-epiglottis
-vocal cords
-arytenoid cartilages
-soft palate
-trachea

ASC 410 (22 decks)

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