Equine 1-2 Flashcards
Most esophageal obstructions occur here
proximal esophagus
Most common clinical sign of choke
nasal discharge
Diagnosis of esophageal obstruction
Left side of esophagus palpation
Resistance of nasogastric tube
First thing to do with esophageal obstruction
Sedation
Esophageal obstruction ways to resolve
gentle passage of stomach tube
Lavage with warm water
Buscopan: antispasmodic
Esophageal obstruction management
NSAID
slow return to normal diet
antibiotics
Most common type of esophageal neoplasia
squamous cell carcinoma
Most common cause of GI pain
distension of a viscus
Most common type of colic
large intestine non strangulating
- gas/spasmodic
- large colon impaction
Subtle signs of colic
anorexia
laying down more
decrease poops
Moderate signs of colic
pawing
stretching
flank watching
abdominal distenstion
Severe sign of colic
Rolling
Thrashing
Cast
Facial abrasions
Severe pain replaced by depression may be caused by
rupture
When do you take temperature of horse
before rectal exam
When do you take HR
before sedation
very important
when do you use Nasogastric intubation
every moderate to severe colic
What is considered a significant amount of reflux
greater than 2 L
When should you preform an abdominocentesis
only if the results would change the plan of action
what does abdominocentesis differentiate between
strangulating and non strangulating SI
How do you determine if there is strangulation from an abdominocentesis
Lactate levels >2x that of plasma
Initial therapy for colic
analgesic
Fluid
What kind of analgesics do you give
NSAID, a2 agonists, opioids, buscopan
What is the NSAID of choice
Banamine
Fluid therapy option
Enternal
IV
Laxatives
When do you use enternal fluids
most cases
unless >2L of reflux
When do you use IV fluids
Reflux
Severe pain
Dehydration
When do you use laxatives
Sand….because horses eat sand. how do these things still exist? oo shopping bag! PANIC and colic. ok that’s all
what is Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS)
a thing in racehorses, usually asymptomatic
EGUS clinical signs
asymptomatic usually
decrease performance
colic after meal
anorexic
EGUS diagnosis
Gastroscopy
-squamous vs. glandular
Where is the most common place of ulcer
squamous mucosa along lesser curvature
How do most EGUS drugs work
Increase gastric pH
Decrease gastric acid secretion
Most common protein pump inhibitors
omeprazole
Gastroduodenal ulcer disease (GDUD) is usually seen in
late suckling early weaning aged foals
How is GDUD different from EGUS
GDUD: foals less than 6 months
outflow obstruction
Use contrast radiography
Causes of non strangulating colic
Intraluminal obstructions
large colon displacements
gas/spasmodic colic
Ileal impaction characteristics
South east US
coastal Bermuda grass hay
Ileal impaction clinical findings
moderate to severe pain
distended small intestine
Reflux
Peritoneal fluid
how would you differentiate ileal impaction from SI strangulation rupture
Ab tap
Peritoneal fluid would be normal
Lactate similar to plasma
Treatment for ileal impaction
gastric decompression
withdrawal of feed/water
analgesics/ IV
Surgical
Characteristics of cecal impaction
spontaneous in any horse
Rare
Cecal impaction clinical findings
variable degree of pain
usually no reflux
Normal peritoneal fluid
Rectal exam - cecal distension
Treatment of cecal impaction
withdrawal of feed
enternal laxatives
IV
Surgery
Large colon impaction characteristics
Caused by feed and sand
Where do most large colon impactions occur
in the large colon……
pelvic flexure
Large colon impaction clinical signs
Mild-mod pain
decreased poops
Rectal exam
Treatment of large colon impaction
withdrawal of feed
enternal fluids
laxatives
Small colon impaction clinical signs
colic
abdominal distention
diarrhea
happens during the winter
Diagnosis of small colon impaction
rectal exam
gritty material on glove
Enterolith characteristics
calculi within the intestine
Arabian horses
Enterolith risk factors
high protein diet
California
Enterolith clinical findings
mild to mod pain
Normal rectal exam
Radiograph
Enterolith treatment
surgery
Restrict alfalfa
Large colon displacement characteristics
left or right dorsal
Similar to nonstrangulating LC obstruction
Left dorsal displacement
nephrosplenic entrapment
Rectal exam
Left dorsal displacement treatment
Phenylephrine and exercise
Surgery
Right dorsal displacement
pelvic flexure moves cranially
Gas distension of LC
Treatment for right dorsal displacement
Fluid
Limited exercise
Surgery
Treatment for all strangulating obstructions
surgery
SI strangulation clinical findings
acute severe pain Tachy Toxemia Hemoconcentration High volume reflux abnormal peritoneal fluid
SI strangulation possible lesions
Volvulus incarceration Intestinal adhesions intussusception (younger horses) Pedunculated lipoma (older horses)
large colon volvulus characteristics
occurs at base
Broodmares
severe colic
large colon volvulus clinical findings
severe abdominal pain Sever tachy Toxemia LC gas distention no reflux
Large colon volvulus treatment
immediate surgery
