Equilibrium and balance Flashcards
What is the sensory of otolith (utriclea +saccule)
macule
What is function of saccule?
detect linear head movements when one is lying.
What is function of saccule?
detect linear head movements when one is lying.
What does semi-circular canals detect?
angular movements of the head
What is different in the gelatinous layer found in vestibule and ampulla?
One in ampulla is inside the cupula (endolymph)
Vestibular nuclei also have projections to cranial nerve nuclei which control reflexive movements of the eyes when the head is rotating
Function:
to maintain gaze fixed on objects of interest during head movements
Which of the following is a key neurotransmitter involved in maintaining equilibrium and balance in the central nervous system?
a. Acetylcholine
b. Serotonin
c. GABA
d. Glutamate
Answer: d. Glutamate
Which sensory receptor plays a critical role in the detection of changes in head position and movement?
a. Rods
b. Cones
c. Hair cells
d. Merkel cells
Answer: c. Hair cells
Which of the following brain regions is involved in integrating sensory information related to balance and spatial orientation?
a. Cerebellum
b. Hippocampus
c. Thalamus
d. Basal ganglia
Answer: a. Cerebellum
Which of the following conditions can cause disruption of equilibrium and balance?
a. Parkinson’s disease
b. Alzheimer’s disease
c. Multiple sclerosis
d. All of the above
Answer: d. All of the above
Which type of muscle fiber is responsible for maintaining muscle tone and posture, contributing to equilibrium and balance?
a. Type I
b. Type IIa
c. Type IIb
d. Type III
Answer: a. Type I
Which of the following occurs during rotation of the head?
a) The resting discharge rate does not change.
b) Some of the hair cells bend in the opposite direction, causing them to depolarize.
c)The endolymph moves in the same direction of the rotation.
D)The endolymph moves in the opposite direction of the rotation.
E) Some of the hair cells bend in the same direction, causing them to hyperpolarize.
The endolymph moves in the opposite direction of the rotation.
Which of the following results when hair cells are bent toward the kinocilium?
Decreased resting potential
Decreased conductance of potassium ions
Depolarization
Hyperpolarization
No change
Depolarization
The hair cells get bent in one direction due to the presence of which of the following substances?
Only calcium stones
Both gelatinous material and calcium stones
Only gelatinous material
Water
Plasma
Both gelatinous material and calcium stones
