basal ganglia Flashcards
Which of the following is not a component of the basal ganglia?
a) Substantia nigra
b) Putamen
c) Hippocampus
d) Globus pallidus
c) Hippocampus
The basal ganglia receive input from which part of the brain?
a) Thalamus
b) Cerebellum
c) Hippocampus
d) Corpus callosum
Answer: a) Thalamus
Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the functioning of the basal ganglia?
a) Acetylcholine
b) Dopamine
c) Serotonin
d) GABA
Answer: b) Dopamine
Which of the following is a disorder associated with dysfunction of the basal ganglia?
a) Alzheimer’s disease
b) Parkinson’s disease
c) Huntington’s disease
d) Schizophrenia
Answer: b) Parkinson’s disease
Which structure in the basal ganglia is responsible for inhibiting movement?
a) Putamen
b) Subthalamic nucleus
c) Globus pallidus
d) Substantia nigra
Answer: c) Globus pallidus
What is the direct pathway of the basal ganglia involved in?
a) Inhibiting movement
b) Facilitating movement
c) Emotional regulation
d) Cognitive processing
b) Facilitating movement
Which of the following is true about the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia?
a) It inhibits movement
b) It facilitates movement
c) It is primarily regulated by dopamine
d) It is not involved in motor function
Answer: a) It inhibits movement
Which of the following is true about the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia?
a) It inhibits movement
b) It facilitates movement
c) It is primarily regulated by dopamine
d) It is not involved in motor function
Answer: a) It inhibits movement
Which neurotransmitter is deficient in Parkinson’s disease?
a) Acetylcholine
b) Dopamine
c) Serotonin
d) GABA
Answer: b) Dopamine
What is the main function of the subthalamic nucleus in the basal ganglia?
a) To inhibit movement
b) To facilitate movement
c) To regulate emotional processing
d) To regulate cognitive processing
Answer: b) To facilitate movement
Which structure in the basal ganglia is responsible for the production of dopamine?
a) Substantia nigra
b) Putamen
c) Globus pallidus
d) Subthalamic nucleus
Answer: a) Substantia nigra
Disorders of Basal Nuclei
- Abnormalities of movement, muscle tone:
Parkinson’s disease (PD)
Dyskinesia (abnormal involuntary movements)
Huntington’s disease (inability to prevent unwanted
movements)
Dystonia (increased muscle tone and unwanted
postures)
Underlying factor is degeneration of dopaminergic
neurons - Disorders of behaviour and cognition:
OCD
Substance Use Disorders
globus pallidus;
internal segment separated
from external segment by
_______
medial medullary lamina
putamen;
separated from globus pallidus
by ______________
lateral medullary lamina
List 4 circuits that start in the cerebral cortex, traverse basal nuclei, and return to the cortex:
- Motor loop (PD)
- Concerned with voluntary and learned movements
- Cognitive loop
- Concerned with planning and motor intentions
- Limbic loop
- Concerned with emotional aspects of movement
- Oculomotor loop
- Concerned with voluntary saccades
