Equations and Definitions Flashcards
Ideal gas equation
P (kPa) x V (m^3) = n x R x T (K)
PV=nRT
R = 8.314
Define relative isotopic mass
The mass of an isotope compared with 1/12th the mass of carbon-12
Define relative atomic mass
The weighted mean mass compared with 1/12th the mass of carbon-12
Charge of nitrate?
1-
Charge of carbonate?
2-
Charge of sulphate
2-
Charge of OH
1-
Charge of ammonium
1+
Charge of zinc ion
2+
Charge of silver ion
1+
What does a Roman numeral indicate in terms of oxidation?
The magnitude of the oxidation number when an element may have compounds/ions with different oxidation numbers
Define electronegativity
The ability of an atom to attract the bonding electrons in a covalent bond
Define first ionisation energy
The energy required to remove 1 mol of electrons from 1 mol of gaseous atoms
Define an ionic bond
The electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions
Define a covalent bond
The strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms
Define disproportionation
The oxidation and reduction of the same element
Define activation energy
The minimum energy required for a reaction to take place
What are standard conditions in terms of enthalpy changes
101kPa and a stated temperature, 298K
Define the enthalpy change of formation
The formation of 1 mol of a compound from its elements
Define the enthalpy change of combustion
The complete combustion of 1 mol of a substance
Define the enthalpy change of neutralisation
The formation of 1 mol of water from neutralisation
Equation for enthalpy change
q = m (g) x c x change in temp (K)
Define a homologous series
A series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2.
Define aliphatic
A compound containing C and H joined together in straight chains, branched chains, or non-aromatic rings.
Define alicyclic
An aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains
Define aromatic
A compound containing a benzene ring
Define structural isomer
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
Define homolytic fission
Each bonding atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair, forming two radicals
Define heterolytic fission
One bonding atom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair
Define radical
A species with an unpaired electron
Define stereoisomers
Compounds with the same structural formula but different arrangement in space
Define E/Z isomerism
An example of stereoisomerism, in terms of restricted rotation about a double bond and the requirement for two different groups to be attached to each carbon atom of the C=C group.
Define cis-trans isomerism
A special case of E/Z isomerism in which two of the substituent groups attached to each carbon atom of the C=C group are the same.
Define an electrophile
An electron pair acceptor
Define nucleophile
An electron pair donor
Formula for atom economy?
Mr of desired product / sum of total Mr for all products
x 100
Formula for percentage yield
Actual amount / theoretic amount
Enthalpy of solution
The enthalpy change when 1 mol of an ionic solid dissolves in water
Enthalpy of hydration
When one mol of a gaseous ion is completely hydrated by water
Lattice enthalpy
Energy released when one mol of a Crystal is formed from ions of its constituents in gaseous state
Enthalpy of atomisation
When one mol of gaseous atoms is formed from the element in its natural state
Ionisation energy
The energy required to remove one mol of electrons from one mol of gaseous atoms
Electron affinity
Enthakpy change when one mol of gaseous atoms gains one mol of electrons
define average bond enthalpy
the enthalpy change when 1 mol of a specific type of bond breaks in a gaseous molecule
