Equation Selection and practice exam items Flashcards
What is the total energy in the pipe?
Given diameter, elevation, pressure in pipe
energy equation
H=(P/y) +(v2/2g) +Z
Convert psi to pressure head
P/y = (psi)(ft/psi) = final unit is FT
V =
Q/A
What Equations are used to solve the pressure in one tank, when two pressurized tanks are connected?
two energy equations left side is tank 1 right side is tank 2
(p/y)+(v2/2g) +Z = (p/y)+(v2/2g) +Z + losses ( hm+Hf)
What does it mean when minor losses are negligible?
Hm =0
this is used in the energy equation
How do you calculation friction loss given a “C”?
hf is the goal and
hazen williams can be used if “c” is given
hf= (3.022V^1.85L)/(c^1.85)(D^1.165)
What is the difference between Pound-force and Pound -mass
the weight of the mass unit (pound-mass) on Earth’s surface is approximately equal to the force unit (pound-force). This is convenient because one pound mass exerts one pound force due to gravity.
equivalent
Equation for total factored load
Wu = 1.2 (deadload) + 1.6 ( live load)
Find Total deadload (not factored )
When given
Selfweight load/ft
Dimensions of structure (beam)
Applied dead load
Weight of self ( length in feet) + dead load
What is the relationship between steel area to cross section area ratio
0.01<pg< 0.08
pg is,
How to determine minimum steel area
Determined by multiplying gross area of column by pg ratio (0.01)
As minimum = total cross section X 0.01
Determine the load capacity the reinforced concrete column will require
First calculate factored load,
1) Pu= 1.2 DL + 1.6LL
The required nominal capacity must be greater than the factored load
2) PN= Pu/ o
“o” is a Greek letter, it’s basically a safety factor dependent on the column situation; ie for a column with tied supports o= 0.65
How to solve for deflection and what each variable meansEDIT THIS
Deflection= (FL)/(EA)
Where:
F=Force
L=Length
E?
A=cross sectional area?
Moment of inertia for a column with a rectangular cross sectionEDIT HORIZONTAL VS VERT
Ix=(bh^3)/12
B and h are cross sectional dimensions
Calculate bending stress at some point on a beam
&= (My)/I
Where& is actually a sideways 6 for bending stress
M= the bending moment
I= the moment of inertia of the beam
y= distance from neutral axis to the top &bottom of the beam extreme surfaces (ie. at the neutral axis y=0 )
What is a basic mass balance equation
INPUT-OUTPUT-COMSUMPTION = ACCUMULATION
What is headloss in valve?
Give discharge, Butterfly valve, 30 -in pipe and minor loss coefficient?
hL= (KL * V^2)/2g
*solve for V with Q
*Area with pipe diameter given
see handbook page
( similar to Entrance Head loss page 361) - search head loss
(page 330) for fittings/valves elbows
HL(or Hf) = C* (v^2)/2g
(C is KL) here
find by searching for minor head loss coefficient
What is the depth of discharge over a weir, 90-degree v-notch
given Flow and coefficient of discharge
Q= CXH^(5/2)
solve for H
(search v-notch, or v-notch weir)
this is the 90degree v-nmtch Cone equation
see page 321
What is the depth of discharge over a weir, 90-degree v-notch only given FlowCHECK
Q= CXH^(5/2)
solve for H
** how to determine C if not given =
(search v-notch, or v-notch weir)
this is the 90degree v-nmtch Cone equation
see page 321
what is the basic charge pattern (based on the periodic table columns)
+1,2,3,4,5- ( rows 6-9 unknown) , +2+2+2 +3, (sus)-3, -2,-1, 0
Equation for Compressive strength, and were to find it
f’c = P/A
Load (maximum failure load) / Cross Sectional Area
basically the same equation as 1.6.2.6 (stress on a cross section)
N-value of a layer, given a boring log and blow counts for a layer
This equation is not given - given 4 rounds ( and the number of blows required to reach the layer i.e. 12/15)
you add the number blows for the 2nd and 3rd rounds
basic equation to find Station PT? on a horizontal curve?
station PT = Station PC +L (not given)
basic equation to find station PC?
Station PC = Station PI - T
For a horizontal curve - the internal angle (d) of the triangle *** add picture = what to I angle
I= d/2
given in the visual picture of horizontal design
relation ship of Chord, Radius, and Internal angle of a horizontal curve
R = L/2(sin(I/2)) - not given
(page 281) Chord length = 2R Sin(I/2)
Horizontal Curve* Design - equation for Length of Curve and the Trick to use the equation
L = (RI°pi)/180
Trick is the I internal angle must be in degrees
Radian to Degrees conversion
1 radian = 57.3 degrees
given a triangle ratio of X:Y (horizontal and vertical) and the vertical dimension, how do you use the ratio to solve for the horizontal dimensionCHECK
Vertical dimension multiplied by (X/Y)
the dimension plane u want is the ratio on top *** add picture
how do you solve for Book valve? what equation and what trick needs to be used.
first solve the straigh-line depreciation (Dj)
DJ= (c-S)/n
(n = total years given)
next you take the
original cost - (amount of years you want the book value for)*Dj
the trick here is it can have a 10 year depreciation, so THEN solving for Dj you use ten but then when u plug into the BV equation, ( or next step) you use the years from what the questions asks ( ie depreciates for 10 years what is BV in 8 years)
Explain how to solve LOG problems
Log (subscript A)(X)=B
equals
basic formula of log is
Log (subscript A)(X)=B
equals
X=A^B
effective stress/pressure basic equation - (geotech)
two layers of soil with no water table
𝛔=𝛄1H1+𝛄2H2
Total Stress/pressure (geotech)
𝛔’=𝛔-𝛍
Total Stress = effective stress - pore water pressure
effective stress/pressure basic equation (Geotech)
no water table, 2 layers of soil and Surcharge given
𝛔= S+ 𝛄1H1+𝛄2H2
Primiarly Consolidation settlement - “normally consolidated soils”
sc = (cc)/(1+e0) H0 log10(pf/p0)
equation # 3.2.1
Primiarly Consolidation settlement - “normally consolidated soils” how to solve for 𝛒0
this is not given -
𝛒0=𝛔 =𝛄(H/2)
You consider the entire thickness of the compressible soil layer for computation
but for the 𝛒0=𝛔 you use h=1/2H because overburdern pressure is deteremined at the midpoint og the compressible layer
What is the horizontal length and how is it calulated
14 X (3/2) =
Ylength *(X/Y) = Xlength
The effective bearing capacity would be based on buoyant unit weight, also referred to as effective unit weight
Effective unit weight = saturated unit weight - unit weight of water