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Question 1

What is development aid ?

Answer 1

can be split into bilateral and multilateral.

Question 2

What is bilateral aid ?

Answer 2

aid that is delivered on a one-to one basis between donor and a recipient country.

Question 3

What is multilateral aid ?

Answer 3

aid given by donor countries to international aid organisations such as the world bank or oxfam. These distribute the funds to where they think is necessary

Question 4

What is a trade embargo?

Answer 4

It’s a government or international ban that restricts trade with a particular country. It’s a political tool, used to encourage a country to change its policies or actions by hindering its economy

Trade embargoes are often used in response to perceived threats to international security or to force an end to humanitarian or human rights abuses

Question 5

What are the main types of trade embargo’s?

Answer 5

The main types of trade intervention:

Tariffs - taxes levied on imports
Quotas - restrictions on imports
Exchange rates - deliberately lowering to increase the competitiveness of either imports or exports
Trade blocs - free trade between member countries
Sanctions - restrictions on trade imposed by countries against others for political reasons.

Question 6

What is military aid?

Answer 6

Consists of money,weapons,equipment or expertise given to a developing country to help them protect their borders, fight terrorism and combat piracy or drugs and people trafficking

Question 7

What is military actions ?

Answer 7

can be split into direct actions for example the us and Uk carried out air strikes on Iraq against the government of saddam hussein. Or they can be indirect action for example the British army personnel were training Nigerian forces to help them improve the countries security and fight the Islamist boko haram militant group

Question 8

What is geopolitical intervention ?

Answer 8

The exercise of a country’s power in order to influence the course of events outside its borders.

Question 9

What is national sovereignty?

Answer 9

the idea that each nation has a right to govern itself without interference from other nations.

Question 10

What happened with the Libyan government and with its international intervention?

Answer 10

The UN urged the Libyan government to meet its responsibility to protect its citizens when it failed to do so the un authorised the use of of force to protect the civilian population. Bombing raids were then undertaken

Despite the threat to human rights in Libya the international intervention wasn’t widely supported. 5 countries on the UN Security Council abstained from the vote as they were concerned that:

There was insufficient evidence to justify interfering in Libya’s national sovereignty

This action might set a precedent for the international community to have a say in how they treated their own populations

Question 11

What type of development was being focused on in Haiti?

Answer 11

After the 2010 Haitian earthquake in which over 220,000 Haitians dies,igos’s individual counties and NGO’s all responded with different aid projects

US $13.5 billion was donated

Donated 1.3 billion in humanitarian assistance and 2.2 billion for recovery,reconstruction and development projects.

Question 12

What are the issues with Haitis aid ?

Answer 12

Issue with aid in Haiti is that currently there are gangs that have effectively taken over Haiti with the current government only being there in name and having little power. So aid that is being sent to Haiti is being taken by the gangs

Question 13

How has development aid been universal successful when improving health?

Answer 13

Malaria is a disease spread by mosquitoes. It is endemic in many tropical regions. As a result of international aid programs the global rate of new infections fell by 37%

Question 14

How has development aid been universal successful when improving human rights?

Answer 14

International efforts to protect and improve human rights have had success. Often in gender equality is high so the UN launched the UN decade for women to highlight the issue for gender equality. This has resulted in aid money for gender equality increasing

As a result maternal mortality rates have fallen. With a 44% decline in global maternal death rates since 1990. More girls are receiving education.

Although progress is mixed as women and girls still die at younger ages to men and millions of don’t receive education

Question 15

What is aid dependency?

Answer 15

Aid dependency refers to the proportion of government income that comes from overseas aid.

A country is considered to be aid dependent if it cannot perform many basic functions of government without overseas aid.

This can hinder economic and political development as it can become easier for governments to simply rely on aid money that help local industries and systems developed additionally governments may rely on aid money instead of there own interventions like increasing local tax revenues to self fund development

Question 16

How have TNC’s and superpowers impacted the environment? ( Niger delta) ?

Answer 16

The Niger delta is the third largest wetland and fourth largest mangrove forest in the world. Ogoniland was first areas to be exploited for oil.

Oil in Nigeria is one of the cores to its economy 55%

But there is a long history with oil spills in the area,with 550 spills in 2014 alone. This is a result of old pipeline system,sabotage and thefts and corruption allowing the system to continue.

The Ogoni people started protests about the damage and targeted the TNC’s involved. Due to the oil spillage the Ogonis livelihood have been effected as damage to their farmland,natural resources and fishing areas

The environmental restoration would take 25-30 years and recommended 8 emergencies measures to improve the health and the livelihood of the ogani people.

Question 17

How have TNC’s and superpowers impacted the environment? (Kenya) ?

Answer 17

Land grabbing is the name given to this irregular privatisation of public land.

Land grabs continue today and these habe serious impacts on public finances,development opportunities and land pricing. The pressure on land is considerable in a country where 85% of the population relies on agriculture for its livelihood. Tensions are increased by the fact that 88% of the population have accesses to less than 3 hectares of land

Question 18

What is military intervention ?

Answer 18

any form of intervention that involves military action.

Question 19

What is direct military action ?

Answer 19

is physical action taken by a group. E.g. air strikes in Syria by
US, missions to seize, capture of destroy a target.

Question 20

What is indirect military action ?

Answer 20

may take the form of covert support for factions e.g.
Russia’s involvement in Ukraine or providing weapons to one side in a conflict.

Question 21

How did Russia use human rights as a justification for military intervention

Answer 21

The protection of the human rights of an enclave of ethnic Russians was the excuse used by Russia when it invaded Ukraine in 2014. The real motive was more likely the need it felt to annex a strategically important territory.

Russia was prompted to do so due to if Ukraine became a member of nato. The treat to Russia of having nato troops on the front doors of one of Russias borders resulted in them invading Crimea ( eastern Ukraine)

However rather than run the risk of an all out war the west thought it better not contest the assault. Despite the clear assault on Ukraines sovereignty.

Question 22

How did the us you human rights as a justification of military intervention?

Answer 22

The US used human rights as a justification when invading Libya.

The president of Libya ( gaddafi) was thought to be apart of many terrorist acts and was guilty of abusing human rights of many Libyan civilians to retain their political grip on the country.

A multi state coalition began in the forms of an arms embargo and a ‘no-fly zone’. This meant this meant he could not conduct air strikes on those against him. The intervention did not involve sending troops in. But just securing the country’s air and inshore waters

Gaddafi was deposed in 2011.

Question 23

What is the issue with the US giving military aid to Columbia ?

Answer 23

Columbia has been one of the largest recipients of American military aid.

Yet its record of human rights abuses is poor. NGO’s and IGO’s have documented widespread and systematic use of torture by the country’s military forces

However the US argues that its military aid helps Columbia maintain peace,tackle illegal armed groups and fight and fight criminal organisations involved in illegal people or drug trafficking.

Question 24

Why is there controversy with the Uk military aid to Saudi Arabia?

Answer 24

In 2005 the Uk have been sending Saudi Arabia military aid. Since then the Uk has sent over £10 billion worth of defence equipment and Saudi Arabia have invested £60 billion in the Uk.

However, Saudi Arabia have very bad record of human rights, most notably women’s rights,capital punishment. Additional Saudi Arabia also sale some of the military aid to countries that the Uk are sending to countries the Uk are not allowed to send military aid to due to their military conflicts with countries the Uk are associated with.

Question 25

What is torture ?

Answer 25

any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person in order to get information.

Question 26

What is extraordinary rendition ?

Answer 26

the secret transfer of a terror suspect, without legal
process, to a foreign government for detention and interrogation. The interrogation methods often do not meet international standards.

Question 27

What is Guantanamo bay?

Answer 27

US military base in Cuba used to hold detainees in the ‘war on terror’. Detainees can be held for an indefinite time without access to legal representation or trial. In 2004 the Red Cross inspected the camp and found
evidence of torture.

Question 28

How has the US used torture ?

Answer 28

After the 911 attacks the US was under high pressure to to track down those responsible. The imprisonment of suspects without trial at the us base as Guantanamo bay was one outcome

Question 29

What is rendition ?

Answer 29

This is the practice of sending terrorist suspects covertly to be interrogated in a country where the humane treatment of prisoners is less of a concern.