EQ2 tectonics Flashcards
What is a tectonic event
An event caused within the mechanical layers of the earth - doesn’t necessarily cause harm
What is a natural hazard
A perceived natural event which has the potential to threaten both life and property
What is the UNs definition a natural disaster
A serious disruption of the e functioning of a community or society which involved widespread human, material, economic and environmentally losses
Exceeds capability of local community to cope using own resources
What is Deggs definition of a disaster
The realisation of a hazard when it causes significant impact on a vulnerable population
Why might people stay living in a disaster prone area
Unpredictable and dynamic hazards
Lack of alternative
Cost benefit
Russian roulette reaction
What is the hazard risk formula
Risk = hazard x exposure x (vulnerability / manageability)
Why are LICs more vulnerable to natural disaster
Able to spend less on prediction and preparation
What are some physical and environmental conditions which could make a population more vulnerable to a natural disaster
Acessioity of an area affects aid delivery
Rapid urbanisation leads to poor quality quickly built housing
Areas with high population density have poor quality housing and more people to effect
What are some economic and social conditions which could make a population more vulnerable to a natural disaster
Poor quality housing can’t withstand natural disasters
Lack of income opportunity means people can’t buy resources to prep for a hazard
Less access to education less aware of risks and how to protect themselves
Poor healthcare slows recovery and communities suffer disease as a secondary impact
What are some government and political conditions which could make a population more vulnerable to a natural disaster
Level of corruption changes how funds are invested and used
Existence of disaster preparedness plans influences response rate
Building regulations impact quality of buildings
Efficiency of emergency services and teams
Quality of existing infrastructure
Quality of communication systems
Public education and practices impact preparedness
What is resilience of a community
The degree to which it has the resources and is capable of organisations itself both prior and during times of need
How does age impact peoples resilience to natural disaster
Children and elder,y much more likely to suffer from a range of hazards
What % of the population over 60 live in less developed regions? What is this expected to rise to?
66%
79% in 2050
What is a root cause in the PAR model?
Economic, demographic and political processes which effect the way resources are located and distributed among a social group of people
What is a dynamic pressure in the PAR model?
The drivers which translate root causes into a local context
What are unsafe conditions defined as in the PAR model?
The specific situations in which people now live in
What % of global population are through to be at risk from earthquakes
5% but rises when you include secondary impacts
What causes economic impact to vary
Level of development
Insured impact vs uninsured loss
Total number affected and speed of recovery
Degree of urbanisation and associated land value
Relative impacts of a countries GDP
What does the richer scale measure
The height of the waves produced by an earthquake
Absolute scale- one earthquake measures same no matter where
0-9
What does the moment magnitude scale measure
Describes earthquakes in terms of energy released
Calculated from amount of slip on the fault, the area affected and earth rigidity
0-9
What does the mercalli scale measure
Measures experienced impacts of an earthquake
Relative scale as people experience different amounts of shaking in different places
I-XII
What does the Volcanic explosivity index measure
Volume of projects of a volcano, neigh of eruption cloud, qualitative observations
0-8 logarithmic scale
What is a hazard profile
Compares physical processes that all hazards share and hemp decision makers to identity hazards which should be given the most resources
What are the difficulties with hazard profiling ?
Degree of reliability when comparing different event types- different events have varying soatial and temporal distributions
To accurately rank, some elements of hazard must be inaccurately displayed or io omitted
what is asset inequaliity
inequalities in:
housing and security of tenure
agriculture productivity
goods and savings in trading communities
what is political inequality
inequalities in voting, representation etc
what is inequality of entitelements
unequal access to public services ad welfare systems
inequalities in the rule of law (policing, judging)
what is social status inequality
linked to space in urban settings (eg informal housing)
impacts access to secure regular income and access to services
living in hazard exposed areas with poor infrastructure
what aspects of a good government reduce disaster vulnerability? provide examples of actions for each factor
meeting basic needs
planning - land use zoning
environmental management- preventing exacerbating factors
preparedness- community awareness programmes
tackling corruption to ensure aid money not siphoned off, and ensure building codes up to standard
