Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Amrita - Water > EQ1 > Flashcards

EQ1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is blue water?

A

Visible
Surface water, supplying rivers, travelling underground, recharging aquifers
Available & recyclable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is green water?

A

From interception, transpiration by vegetation or evaporation from surfaces
Ecological/hydrological functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What factors affects water supply?

A

Climate
Geology
River Systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does climate affect water supply?

A 
Season rainfall variation
Climatic zone variation
High rainfall at equator
Recurring drought in tropical areas
Relief rainfall
CC
Latitude
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does latitude affect water supply?

A

LOW STRESS at equator and ITCZ -> more rainfall

HIGH STRESS at seasonal tropics and poles -> less rainfall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the ITCZ?

A

Inter tropical convergence zone

Area encircling Earth where NE and SE trade winds meet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do river systems affect water?

A

River flow is greater downstream
Higher temperature means more evaporation and more water loss
Seasonal change means variation in discharge and river regime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does geology affect water supply?

A

Impermeable means more surface run off so high drainage density
Permeable means large quantities can be stored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are examples of permeable rock?

A

Limestone, chalk, porous, sandstone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is water finite?

A
  1. 5% in oceans

2. 5% in freshwater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where is the freshwater located?

A

80% in trapped ice, snow and permafrost
20% in groundwater
1% easily accessible in lakes, ecosystems, atmosphere and rivers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some stresses of water?

A

Agriculture
Industry
Domestic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is agriculture a water stress?

A

Food demands
Irrigation/water storage
Poor management results in fertiliser pollution, seepage, salinization, evaporation problems
Pop. growth
Inefficient as beef has 10 times more water cost than rice
Uses 69% of freshwater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is industry a water stress?

A

Increasing industrialisation in India and China
HEP
Pollution
Often more efficient water use than agriculture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is domesticity a water stress?

A

Smallest use of water - 10%
Huge variations between countries
Huge variation in quality
Demand is doubling every 20 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the sources of water?

A

Surface Water
- rivers, lakes, reservoirs
- dams
Aquifers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How are dams a water source?

A

In the ST bring HEP
Flood control
Water supply
LT environmental and social impacts

18
Q

How do aquifers work?

A

Sole source of drinking water for 1/4 of the population
Makes up 3/4 of Europe’s drinking water
It is abstracted faster than it is replaces in Middle East
Over abstraction

19
Q

What is the over abstraction

A

LT costs
Reduction in water supply
Lowering water table
Seawater contamination

20
Q

Define water stress

A

When the annual water supply per person is less than 1700m3

21
Q

Define water scarcity

A

When the annual water supply per person is less than 1000m3

22
Q

Define physical scarcity

A

When more than 75% of the country/region’s river flows are used

23
Q

Define economic scarcity

A

When the development of blue water flow sources are limited by human and financial capacities

24
Q

What human impacts are there on water?

A 
Pollution
Abstraction
Deforestation
Over irrigation (raises water table)
Cloud Seeding with silver iodide
25
Q

How does pollution affect water?

A

Sewage disposal - typhoid, cholera, hepatitis
Chemical fertilisers runoff into rivers & groundwater (eutrophication)
Industrial waste is pumped into rivers, oceans, waterways
Big dams trap sediment -> reduces floodplain fertility -> reduces nutrient flow ->damage fish & beach formation -> exposes so greater erosion

26
Q

How does abstraction affect water?

A

Lowers water table
Seawater contamination
Rainfall can’t recharge stores in arid areas
Salt water incursion

27
Q

What is salt water incursion?

A

Removing freshwater upsets the balance of freshwater and saline

28
Q

How does deforestation affect water?

A

Reduces evapotranspiration

Increases surface run off

29
Q

Define water insecurity

A

Not having access to sufficient safe water

30
Q

What 3 factors affect water security?

A

Availability - supply & distribution network
Access - Freedom to use & income to buy
Usage - entitlement to & understanding of use and health issues

31
Q

What does the Water Poverty Index involve?

A 
Resources
Access
Capacity
Use
Environment
32
Q

How is water wealth or improved water a lubricant of development?

A

Improved water -> sanitation -> food production -> better health -> wellbeing

Water wealth -> irrigation -> energy -> economic growth

33
Q

How can you interfere with the water cycle?

A

Precipitation (deforestation, global CC)
River runoff (Dam construction, abstraction)
Groundwater availability (Infiltration rate, over abstraction, groundwater mining, land use change, over irrigation)
Pollution
Cloud seeding

34
Q

What is the hydrological balance and how is it affected?

A

Mass balance change = water in - water out
Water in: climate, geology, quality, duration of flow
Water out: extraction, evaporation

35
Q

What is the difference between a confined and unconfined aquifer?

A

Unconfined has permeable rock on top so water enters to refill and escapes out
Confined has impermeable rock all around so no water leaves or enter, has to be recharged

36
Q

What are the positives and negatives of overextraction/overabstraction?

A 
\+ water supply increases
\+ better sanitation
\+ lowers water borne disease rate
\+ improved health & general welfare
\+ used to support industries & creates better water infrastructure
- potential for conflict
- not sustainable for future use
37
Q

What are the key players in water use?

A

Consumers
Gov.
Water companies

38
Q

How have players failed?

A

GOV.
- lack of quality standards
- no policing/resolving conflict
- not providing infrastructure (dams, desalination plants, pipelines)
WATER COMPANIES
- capitalist economy
- not delivering/managing in a safe/reliable/cost effective way
- privatisation means profits are prioritised before the people
- TNCs don’t have the same interests as local companies
CONSUMERS
- excessive use
- contribute to ‘grey’ water
- demand increasing for lower prices

39
Q

What is grey water?

A

polluted water

40
Q

What are the different layers of the Earth’s atmosphere?

A 
Atmosphere - gases surrounding Earth 
Hydrosphere - water on Earth's surface & clouds
Cryosphere - frozen earth
Biosphere - where living organisms are
Lithosphere - crust and upper mantle
41
Q

How would each atmosphere layer affect water supply?

A

Atmosphere (high light sun intensity means more evaporation)
Hydrosphere (Condensation means more rainfall)
Cryosphere (warmer temps means more meltwater)
Biosphere (More vegetation means more canopy, less soil erosion and less surface run off)
Lithosphere (surface run-off affected by geology permeability)

Amrita - Water (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions