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ATE 1211 > Epithelial Tissue > Flashcards

Epithelial Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of epithelia?

A
  • Covers, lines & protects other tissues.
  • Filters biochemical substances
  • Absorbs nutrients
  • Provides sensory output
  • Secretion
  • Absorption
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2
Q

What are the general characteristics?

A
  • Polar - have APICAL <span>(top)</span> & BASAL <span>(bottom)</span> surfaces
  • Lateral surfaces are connected to adjacent cells by JUNCTIONAL COMPLEXES
  • AVASCULAR (lack blood vessels)
  • Most are INNERVATED & provide sensory output
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3
Q

<strong>Number of layers of cells</strong>

A
  • Simple
  • Stratified
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4
Q

Shape of Cells

A
  • Squamous
  • Cuboidal
  • Columnar

Classed based on shape on <strong><u>exposed surface</u></strong>

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5
Q

<strong>Presence of surface <u>specialization</u></strong>

A
  • Microvilli
  • Cilia
  • Keratin
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6
Q

Simple Squamous

A
  • Lines surfaces involving passage of gas or liquid
    • <em>pulmonary alveoli, renal glomeruli</em>
  • <strong>mesothelium - </strong>lines surface of body cavities
  • <strong>endothelium - </strong>lines vessels<em> <span>(reduce friction)</span></em>

<span><strong>Allows DIFFUSION, FILTRATION, SECRETION & ABSORPTION</strong></span>

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7
Q

Simple Cuboidal

A
  • lines <u><strong>exocrine gland &amp; biliary ducts</strong></u>
  • lines <strong><u>bronchioles</u> (</strong>ciliated<strong>)</strong>
  • lines <strong><u>renal tubular cells</u> </strong><strong>(</strong>some w/ microvilli) brush border
  • lines <strong><u>follicles in thyroid gland</u></strong>

<span><strong>functions in ABSORPTION & SECRETION and in TRANSPORTING SECRETIONS/PARTICLES</strong></span>

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8
Q

Simple Columnar

A
  • lines <strong>stomach, gallbladder </strong>(secretion) & <strong>intestines </strong>(secretion (<strong>goblet cells</strong>) & absorption)
  • lines <strong>excretory ducts of some glands</strong>
  • lines (ciliated) <strong>uterine tubes & small bronchi = <u>simple ciliated columnar epithelia</u></strong>

<span><strong>functions in ABSORPTION & SECRETION & in TRANSPORTING SECRETIONS/PARTICLES</strong></span>

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9
Q

Stratified Squamous

A
  • skin (<strong>keratinized</strong>)
  • line mucous membranes<strong> </strong>(<strong>nonkeratinized</strong>) - <em>oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, & prepuce</em>
    • cuboidal/columnar cells make up basal cells -> divide & push towards the surface -> flatten & lose cytoplasm, nucleus, & organelles -> slough off

<span><strong>PROTECTIVE function; in AREAS PRONE to ABRASION</strong></span>

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10
Q

Stratified Cuboidal

A
  • usually <u>only 2 cell layers</u>, both cuboidal
  • lines large excretory ducts <strong>(salivary, sweat, & mammary glands)</strong>

<span><strong>functions in SECRETION, ABSORPTION & <u>PROTECTION</u> of UNDERLYING TISSUES</strong></span>

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11
Q

Stratified Columnar

A

RARE

  • lines large ducts of mammary gland, select parts of respiratory & digestive tracts & small portion of urethra of some male animals.
  • basal layer is cuboidal

<span><strong>functions in SECRETION & ABSORPTION</strong></span>

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12
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar

A
  • not truly stratified but appears so because nuclei are at different levels & <u>not all cells reach the luminal surface.</u>
  • forms a sinle layer, so its a <u>simple</u> epithelium
  • usually <u>ciliated</u>; lines <strong>nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea, & bronchi & parts of male repro. tract</strong>

<span><strong>has SURFACE LAYER of MUCUS that functions to TRAP PARTICLES that CILIA SWEEP AWAY</strong></span>

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13
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A
  • <strong>stratified w/ cuboidal or columnar basal layer; <u>superficial layer is cuboidal or squamous depending on degree of distension/contraction</u></strong>
  • lines <strong>portions of urinary tract where changes in volume occur (<u>renal calyxes, ureters, bladder, urethra</u>)</strong>

<span><strong>PREVENTS DIFFUSION OF URINE INTO ABDOMINAL CAVITY</strong></span>

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14
Q

Basement membrane

A

= basal lamina

  • meshwork of <u>fibers connecting the epithelial cells to underlying connective tissue</u>
  • <u>oxygen &amp; nutrients supplied to </u>& <u>waste excreted from epithelium</u> by diffusion through basal lamina from/to capillaries in underlying connective tissue
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15
Q

Classification of GLANDS

A
  • EXOcrine or ENDOcrine (ducts)
  • UNIcellular or MULTIcellular
  • SIMPLE or COMPOUND ducts
  • structure -> <strong>tubular, acinar or tubuloacinar</strong>
  • type of secretion -> <strong>mucous, serous or mixed</strong>
  • method of secretion storage & release -> <strong>merocrine, apocrine or holocrine</strong>
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16
Q

ENDOCRINE

A
  • NO ducts or tubules
  • secrete regulatory chemicals (hormones) into circulation -> <strong>distributed throughout body</strong>
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17
Q

EXOCRINE

A
  • HAVE ducts (<u>except</u> for unicellular goblet cell)
  • secrete via ducts <strong>locally</strong>, not into circulation
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18
Q

EXOCRINE GLANDS

Unicellular

A

GOBLET CELL

= modified columnar epithelial cell (simple columnar)

  • among columnar cells of resp. & GI tract & in conjunctive of eye
  • secrets mucin (glycoproteins & proteoglycans) that becomes mucus when mixed w/ water
19
Q

EXOCRINE GLANDS

Multicellular

A
  • secretory unit & duct
  • +/- myoepithelial cells (aids in discharge of secretion into duct)
  • most exocrine glands
20
Q

glands

SIMPLE

A

main duct unbranched

21
Q

glands

COMPOUND

A

main duct branched

22
Q

glands

STRUCTURE of SECRETORY UNIT

A
  • Tubular - long channel of even wdith
  • Alveoli (acinar) - rounded sac
  • Tubuloalveolar/tubuloacinar - combo
23
Q

glands

TYPES of SECRETION

A
  • Serous - watery w/ high concentration of enzymes
  • Mucous - thick & viscous and composed of glyoproteins
  • Mixed - both serous & mucous components
24
Q

glands

METHOD of STORAGE & RELEASE

A
  • Merocrine
    • secretion packaged in granular units & released via exocytosis
    • cells remain INTACT
  • Apocrine
    • granules stored until apex cell is full -> cell pinches in two & releases apex into duct
  • Holocrine ex: sabaceous glad
    • granules stored untill needed & entire cell degenerates to release them
25
Q

Connective Tissue

A
  • Bone - specialized
  • Blood - specialized
  • Cartilage
  • Fat
  • Ligament
  • Tendon
26
Q

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

FUNCTIONS

A
  • Forms structural & metabolic connections between other tissues
  • Provides frame supporting the body
  • Forms protective sheath around organs
  • Helps insulate the body & acts as a energy reserve
  • Plays role in healing & in control of invading microbes
27
Q

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

COMPOSITION

A
  • Cells
  • Extracellular fibers
  • Ground substance
28
Q

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

extracellular matrix

A

GROUND SUBSTANCE

-amorphous, homogenous material (ex) = glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

  • orientation of fiber formation
  • medium for nutrient/waste exchange
  • shock-absorping cushion
  • obstacle for invading microbes

FIBERS

  • Collagenous (white fibers) - tensile strength
  • Reticular - support network
  • Elastic (yellow fibers) - strength & contract
29
Q

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

CELLS

A

FIXED - production & maintenance of extracellular matrix

TRANSIENT (Wandering)

30
Q

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

FIXED cells

A

= production & maintenance of extracullular matrix

  • Fibroblast - secrete collagen & ground substance
    • Chrondoblasts - cartilage
    • Osteoblast - bone
  • Adipocyte - adipose tissue (fat)
  • Reticular cells - involved in production of reticular fibers & in the immune response (found in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow)
31
Q

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

TRANSIENT cells

A

= Wandering

  • Leukocytes (WBCs) - move into tissues cia diapedesis in response to infection
    • Phagocytize microbes
    • Produce antibodies
  • Mast Cells - release granules containing histamine & heparine -> initiate an inflammatory response
  • Macrophages - phagocytosis & lysosomal digestion of microbes & cellular debris
32
Q

TYPES of CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A

Connective Tissue Proper

  • Loose connective tissue
  • Dense Fibrous connetive tissue (DFCT)

Specialized

  • Cartilage
  • Bone
33
Q

CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A
  • Areolar - most common; fibroblasts, hyaluronic acid; support & cushion; moderately elastic but tears easily.
  • Adipose - adipocytes; energy source, shock absorber, thermal insulator; highly vascularized.
  • Reticular - fibroblasts, reticular fibers (stroma); framework for certain organs
34
Q

CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER

DENSE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE (DFCT)

A
  • <u>Dense Regular</u> - tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers; tensile strength in one direction; white; avascular & slow to heal.
    • <u>Tendons, ligaments, fascia</u>
  • <strong><u>Dense Irregular</u></strong> - thicker collagen fiber bundles arranged randomly for strength in many directions.
    • <u>Dermis, joint &amp; organ capsules</u>
  • Elastic - parallel elastic fibers or interwoven w/ fibroblasts & collagen.
    • <u>Ligaments, IV discs, vessel walls, stomach, bronchi, bladder, heart</u>
35
Q

SPECIALIZED

<strong>CARTILAGE</strong>

A

= Condrocytes, GAGs (hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate)<u>,</u> <u>chondronectin</u>, fluid; gets nutrients from <u>perichondrium</u>

  • <u><strong>Hyaline</strong></u> - most common; most rigid; <em>articular cartilage, trachea, costochondral junctions</em>
  • <strong><u>Elastic</u></strong> - most flexible; <em>epiglottis, pinnae</em>
  • <strong><u>Fibrocartilage</u></strong> - no perichondrium; w/ hyaline cartilage & DCT; <em>IV discs, pelvis, knee joint</em>
36
Q

SPECIALIZED

<strong><span>BONE</span></strong>

A

(osseous connective tisse)

= osteoblasts, osteoclasts, collagen & calcium salts; well vascularized; supports & protects ; calcium reserve

*Living tissue

37
Q

SPECIALIZED

<strong>Blood</strong>

A

= cells, proteins, plasma

38
Q

<strong>MEMBRANES</strong>

A
  • Thin protective layers that line body cavities, separate organs & cover surfaces
  • Composed of epithelial sheet bound to underlying layer of connective tissue proper
  • 4 common types:
    • <strong>Mucous</strong>
    • <strong>Serous</strong>
    • <strong>Cutaneous</strong>
    • <strong>Synovial </strong>(no epithelial layer)
39
Q

<strong>Mucous Membranes</strong>

A
  • Lines organs having connections to the outside environment <span>(<em>digestive, respiratory, reproductive, urinary tracts</em>)</span>
  • <span>Either stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelial covering layer of loose connective tissue = <strong>lamina propria</strong></span>
  • <span><strong>Submucosa</strong> = connective tissue layer under <strong>lp</strong> that connectes mucose to the underlying structures</span>
  • <span>Secretes <em><u>mucus</u></em> (<em>water, electrolytes & mucin</em>)</span>
    • <span>Decreases friction</span>
    • <span>Traps pathogens & foreign particles</span>
  • <span>Some also have absorptive properties</span>
40
Q

<strong>Serous Membranes</strong>

A
  • Line body cavity walls <strong>(parietal layer)</strong> and cover outer surfaces of organs <strong>(visceral layer)</strong>
  • Composed of a continuous sheet doubled to form 2 layers with a potential space between them
  • Simple squamous epithelium bound to underlying layer of loose connective tissue
  • Produces thin, watery fluid = <strong>transudate</strong> (no mucin) that serves to reduce friction between organs and between organs & body cavity wall
41
Q

<span>OTHER MEMBRANES</span>

<strong>CUTANEOUS</strong>

A

<span> = integument = skin</span>

  • <span>Epithelium = <strong>epidermis</strong> - attached to = <strong>dermis</strong></span>
42
Q

OTHER MEMBRANES

SYNOVIAL

A
  • lines joint cavities
  • Composed entirely of loose connective tissue & adipose, covered by a layer of collegen fibers & fibroblasts
  • No epithelial layer
43
Q
A

ATE 1211 (6 decks)

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