Cell Metabolism Flashcards
Molecular reactions are initiated & controlled by specialized proteins called ______?
enzymes
What is the process by which cells breakdown nutrients & produce energy called?
Catabolism
What is the term for the process that used one molecule of water for every nutrient molecule that is broken down?
Hydrolysis
What is produced during 2nd stage of catabolism?
Acetyl-CoA
What happens to red blood cells that are places into a HYPERtonic solution?
they DECREASE in volume.
What is the energy needed to initiate chemical reactions called?
Energy of Activation
True or False: Cofactors help enzymes initiate reactions by completing the shape of binding sites.
TRUE
Where is the majority of the ATP for cell use produced by?
Electron Transport System
Which of the following contains the most chemical energy & why?
a) protein
b) fat
c) carbohydrate
d) none of above - all contain about the same amount of energy
b) FAT
The energy stored in C-H bonds & FAT has more of these than CHO or protein.
What is the difference between essential amino acids and nonessential amino acids?
Essential must be supplied in the diet; nonessential produced by the body
List some essential amino acids
Tryptophan, methionine, valine, threonine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, histidine, arginine, taurine, glycine
Where in the cell does protein synthesis begin?
the Nucleus
What is the process for the instructions for protein synthesis that are transferred from DNA to mRNA known as?
Transcription
What is CATABOLISM?
Breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones (produces energy) from carbohydrates (CHO), fats, and proteins.
What are the 3 stages of CATABOLISM?
- Hydrolysis
- Anaerobic Respiration
- Aerobic Respiration
Explain HYDROLYSIS
one water molecule used each time a nutrient molecule is broken down.
Large sugar molecule can be broken down into 2 smaller ones;
Disaccharide + water = 1 monosaccharide + 1 monosaccharide
Proteins -> amino acids
Nucleic acids -> nucleotides
Fat -> fatty acids & glycerol
Explain ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
(aka GLYCOLYSIS)
occurs intracellularly
Amino acids, glucose, glycerol, and fatty acids enter cell and are further catabolized in CYTOPLASM
DOES NOT USE OXYGEN
produces Acetyl-CoA which is used in the last step = aerobic respiration
Explain AEROBIC RESPIRATION
(Kreb’s Cycle & Electron Transport System)
Acetyl-CoA -> transported to MITOCHONDRIA where used in aerobic respiration
REQUIRES OXYGEN
involved attachment of an inorganic phosphate group (PO4) to ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE (ADP) forming ATP = energy unit used in cell to drive its biosynthetic processes
