Cell Metabolism

Question 1

Molecular reactions are initiated & controlled by specialized proteins called ______?

Answer 1

enzymes

Question 2

What is the process by which cells breakdown nutrients & produce energy called?

Answer 2

Catabolism

Question 3

What is the term for the process that used one molecule of water for every nutrient molecule that is broken down?

Answer 3

Hydrolysis

Question 4

What is produced during 2nd stage of catabolism?

Answer 4

Acetyl-CoA

Question 5

What happens to red blood cells that are places into a HYPERtonic solution?

Answer 5

they DECREASE in volume.

Question 6

What is the energy needed to initiate chemical reactions called?

Answer 6

Energy of Activation

Question 7

True or False: Cofactors help enzymes initiate reactions by completing the shape of binding sites.

Answer 7

TRUE

Question 8

Where is the majority of the ATP for cell use produced by?

Answer 8

Electron Transport System

Question 9

Which of the following contains the most chemical energy & why?

a) protein
b) fat
c) carbohydrate
d) none of above - all contain about the same amount of energy

Answer 9

b) FAT

The energy stored in C-H bonds & FAT has more of these than CHO or protein.

Question 10

What is the difference between essential amino acids and nonessential amino acids?

Answer 10

Essential must be supplied in the diet; nonessential produced by the body

Question 11

List some essential amino acids

Answer 11

Tryptophan, methionine, valine, threonine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, histidine, arginine, taurine, glycine

Question 12

Where in the cell does protein synthesis begin?

Answer 12

the Nucleus

Question 13

What is the process for the instructions for protein synthesis that are transferred from DNA to mRNA known as?

Answer 13

Transcription

Question 14

What is CATABOLISM?

Answer 14

Breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones (produces energy) from carbohydrates (CHO), fats, and proteins.

Question 15

What are the 3 stages of CATABOLISM?

Answer 15

1. Hydrolysis
2. Anaerobic Respiration
3. Aerobic Respiration

Question 16

Explain HYDROLYSIS

Answer 16

one water molecule used each time a nutrient molecule is broken down.

Large sugar molecule can be broken down into 2 smaller ones;
Disaccharide + water = 1 monosaccharide + 1 monosaccharide

Proteins -> amino acids
Nucleic acids -> nucleotides
Fat -> fatty acids & glycerol

Question 17

Explain ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

Answer 17

(aka GLYCOLYSIS)
occurs intracellularly
Amino acids, glucose, glycerol, and fatty acids enter cell and are further catabolized in CYTOPLASM
DOES NOT USE OXYGEN
produces Acetyl-CoA which is used in the last step = aerobic respiration

Question 18

Explain AEROBIC RESPIRATION

Answer 18

(Kreb’s Cycle & Electron Transport System)

Acetyl-CoA -> transported to MITOCHONDRIA where used in aerobic respiration
REQUIRES OXYGEN
involved attachment of an inorganic phosphate group (PO4) to ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE (ADP) forming ATP = energy unit used in cell to drive its biosynthetic processes