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ATE 1211 > Cell Physiology > Flashcards

Cell Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic fundamental units of animal life?

A

Cells

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2
Q

True or False: Ions are called electrolytes because they are able to conduct an electrical current in solution.

A

True

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3
Q

Give examples of a cation and an anion (1 each) found in body fluids.

A 
Cation = Na^+ , K^+ , Ca^2+ , Mg^2+ , etc.
Anion = Cl^- , I^- , OH^- , etc.
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4
Q

How is the acidity or alkalinity of a fluid determined? (NOT by using the pH scale.)

A

The concentration oh H+ relative to concentration of OH-

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5
Q

Describe the pH scale.

A

0 - 14: 7 = neutral, less than 7 = acidic (more H+) and greater than 7 = basic (more OH-)

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6
Q

Where is interstitial fluid found?

A

Between cells but outside of blood vessels.

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7
Q

Define selectively permeable (as pertaining to cell membranes).

A

Impermeable to some substances & freely permeable to others.

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8
Q

What 3 factors detemine whether or not molecules may pass into or out of cells by passive diffusion?

A

Molecule size, lipid solubility, and ionic charge.

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9
Q

Briefly explain how negative (less positive) charge inside of cells is maintained.

A

K+ diffuses out of cells more easily than Na+ goes back into cells via simple diffusion. Sodium-potassium only retrieves 2 K+ for every Na+ pumped out per ATP molecule used. Cytosolic proteins have slight negative charge.

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10
Q

Which of the following are all examples of passive transport processes?

a) diffusion, facilitated diffusion, exocytosis
b) diffusion, filtration, osmosis
c) facilitated diffusion, filtration, endocytosis
d) filtration, exocytosis, osmosis

A

b) diffusion, filtration, osmosis

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11
Q

What differentiates a passive membrane process from an active one?

A

Active processes require ATP; passive processes do not need energy to function.

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12
Q

List one passive membrane process and one active membrane process.

A 
Passive = simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration.
Active = active transport, endocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis), exocytosis
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13
Q

What is Intracellular fluid ( ICF ) ?

A

Water inside the cell.

Most of water in body.

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14
Q

What is Extracellular fluid ( ECF ) ?

A

Outside the cell.

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15
Q

Intravascular & lymphatic?

A

inside blood & lymphatic vessels.

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16
Q

Interstitial?

A

in tissues but outside of the vasculature.

17
Q

What is more than one ion together called?

A

ionic compound.

Ex: salt = composed of oppositely charged ions that separate when mixed in water.

18
Q

What are acids & bases?

A 
Acids = release hydrogen ions (H+)
Bases = release hydroxyl ions (OH-)
19
Q

What is the flow of fluid and nutrients into and out of called regulated by?

A

Plasma membrane

20
Q

What is Diffusion?

A

Kinetic energy - increases w/ higher temp
Movement from a higher to lower concentration - concentration gradient

Size - small molecules like H2O pass easily
Lipid solubility - dissolved gases, alcohols, steroids easily pass through cell’s lipid bilayer
Charged ions - specialized protein pores called channels selectively let certain ions pass

21
Q

Explain Facilitated Diffusion

A

Movement of some larger and/or nonsoluble molecules with the asst. of a protein carrier located in lipid bilayer

Binding of the extracellular molecule to membrane protein causes protein to change shape & allow molecule to pass into cell.

Glucose is too large to rely on simple diffusion so it must enter cell via a protein carrier.

Protein is limited by number of carrier proteins available for binding.

22
Q

What is osmosis?

A

passive movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from a dilute to a more concentrated environment.

Occurs to achieve same concentration of solution on both sides of the membrane = concentration equilibrium.

Force moving water across the membrane = osmotic pressure.

23
Q

What is Concentration Gradient?

A

same concentration of solution on both sides of the membrane.

24
Q

What is Osmotic Pressure?

A

force of moving water across the membrane.

25
Q

What is ISOtonic ?

A

ECF has SAME concentration of dissolved substances as ICF

26
Q

what is HYPOtonic ?

A

ECF less concentrated than ICF -> water into cell -> cell SWELLS

27
Q

what is HYPERtonic ?

A

ECF more concentrated than cytoplasm -> water into ECF -> cell SHRINKS

28
Q

what is ONCOTIC PRESSURE ?

A

difference between the osmotic pressure of blood & that of interstitial fluid or lymph = force, w/ plasma proteins (pp), keeping fluid in blood vessels. *leaky vessels

EX: diseases causing decrease in pp -> decrease in ONCOTIC PRESSURE -> leakage of fluid of vessels & into the interstitium or body cavities. (causes EDEMA)

29
Q

When is energy ATP required to transport molecules?

A

When they are:
not lipid soluble
too large
on wrong side of the pressure gradient

30
Q

explain ACTIVE TRANSPORT

A

Some amino acids & ions needed
Relies on a carrier protein with a specific binding site, but doesnt require a concentration gradient

ALL cells participate in active transport of electrolytes Na+ , K+ , Ca2+ , Mg2+ and specialized cells can transport Cl- , I- , and Fe2+

31
Q

Whats involved in cytosis?

A 
Active transport (requires energy)
Endocytosis = going INTO cell
-Phagocytosis
-Pinocytosis
-Receptor mediated
Exocytosis = going OUT OF cell
32
Q

explain ENDOCYTOSIS

A

Enables large particles, liquids and entire cells to be taken into cell by engulfing

Phagocytosis - engulfs solid material forming a PHAGOSOME

Pinocytosis - engulfs liquid forming PINOCYTIC VESICLE

Receptor-mediated - very selective. occurs in cells w/ specific protein receptor sites in their cell membranes for binding of ligands like hormones, iron, & cholesterol -> taken into cell forming vesicle called a COATED PIT

33
Q

explain EXOCYTOSIS

A

Substances to be exported out of cells are packaged in vesicles in the ER & GOLGI body & moved through CYTOPLASM -> vesicles fuse w/ plasma membrane & release contents from intracellular environment into the ECF

EXCRETION - EXOcytosis of waste products

SECRETION - EXOcytosis of manufactured molecules (neurotransmitters, hormones, mucus, histamine, etc.)

34
Q

what is MEMBRANE POTENTIAL?

A

the difference in permeability of plasma membrane leads to changes in the distribution of the charged particles on either side forming a VOLTAGE which = POTENTIAL ELECTRICAL ENERGY CREATED BY THE SEPARATION OF OPPOSITE CHARGES.

35
Q

RESTING Membrane Potential

A

outside of cell is slightly more positive than inside of cell, mostly due to Na+ & K+ ions

Both passive and active processes work to place more + ions on outside & keep inside of cell negatively charged.

More K+ inside cell that diffuses out, while Na+ more concentrated outside but cant enter cell easily, so INFLUX OF Na+ IS LOWER THAN THE OUTFLOW OF K+ via DIFFUSION.

For every cycle of active transport, have 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ retrieved.

Also, cytoplasmic proteins tend to be negatively charged.

36
Q

What are the two categories based on the way cells divide?

A

Meiosis - reproductive cells divide
Mitosis - somatic cells divide
ability to grow & repair tissue based on division of somatic cells.

37
Q

What are the two phases of MITOSIS?

A

Interphase - period between cell divisions - “metabolic” phase when cell is growing, maturing & differentiating
and
Mitotic Phase - cell is actively dividing; divides into 2 identical daughter cells.

38
Q

Explain 3 stages of Interphase.

A 
Growth 1 (G1) Phase - intense metabolic activity & cellular growth -> cell doubles in size
Synthetic (S) Phase - DNA synthesis & replication
Growth 2 (G2) Phase - synthesis of enzymes &proteins needed for cell division & continued growth
39
Q

Explain 4 stages of the Mitotic Phase.

A

PROPHASE - chromosomes & mitotic spindle form; disintegration of nuclear envelope.
METAPHASE - chromosomes line up in EQUATER (exact center) of spindle & cytoplasm begins to form METAPHASE PLATE
ANAPHASE - chromosomes split & take on V form; cell elongates & cytoplasm begins to constrict
TELOPHASE - chromosomes unravel, elongate & return to diffuse thread-like form (chromatin); nuclear envelope forms around each new set of chromosomes; spindle disassembles; cytoplasm divides (cytokinesis) marking end of mitosis.

ATE 1211 (6 decks)

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