Epistemological Traditions Flashcards
Message encoding
We can encode verbally or non verbally. Verbal messages are encoded through language.
Language
Abstract system of arbitrary symbols shared among a culture with rules governing…
Charemics
Govern the rules of individual characters
Phonetics are an offshoot of this
Semantics
Governs word meaning
Syntactics
Order that impacts meaning. We use individual symbols to create larger units of meaning.
Pragmatics
Using language to accomplish things. Like how to have a conversation.
Phenomenology
Focuses on direct experience.
Knowledge comes from consciousness.
Consciousness is formed from experience with a phenomenon.
It is an expression of nominalistic ontology.
Classical Phenomenology & Phenomenology of perception
Classical- “bracket out” your biases as a “knower”
Perception- Rejects the possibility of “bracketing”
Cybernetics
The “systems” perspective
Systems Theory
A system is
- Input transformed to output
- Objects
- Attributes
- Interrelationships
- Environment
Nonsummativity
Wholeness, the whole is greater then the sum of its parts.
Interrelationships and interdependence.
Teleological
A study of goal directed behaviors
Hierarchical
All systems have structure
The semiotic tradition
Semiotic studies are interested in symbols and the meanings they conjure.
They study of sign and symbols
A symbol is something that stands for something else.
Entropy
Randomness and chaos
Cybernetic
A system within a system. (Sub system)
a feedback mechanism that helps a system self regulate, control and adapt.
- is it reaching its goals?
- is entropy happening?
- can function to listen to feedback
Change and adaptability
Systems resist change
Exchange w/ environment
A system can not be totally closed off or open to and environment.
Some systems are more open and others tend to be more closed off. A cybernetic sub system can help to find the balance.
Socio-Psychological Tradition
- Rooted in psychology and social psychology.
- Focus on the individual
- Examines states and traits
States= are temporary.
Traits= ex,. someone who is always nervousness no matter what, it’s a more long term enduring characteristic.
Tends to be world view 1/ quantitative
Socio-Psychological Tradition 3 branches
Behavioralism, cognitivism, and communibiological perspectives.
B.F Skinner’s “Behavioralism”
Looking for a stimulus -> response models/
Cognitive Theory
A response to “Behavioralism”
Rather then stimulus cognitivists think of “stimulus” as more of “input”
They focus on message input (reception) Message production (output)
Communibiological Perspective Theory
- Genetics
- Neurochemistry
- Brain structure and function
The Sociocultural Tradition
Social Constructionist Perspectives
- Reality is constructed within social groups.
- Constructed intersubjectively (within groups)
- Roles, rules, values, identity, ect.
They are constructed socially
Symbolic interactionalism
Meaning is constructed intersubjectively through the exchange of significant symbols.
Sociolinguistics
The study of language and culture
The Critical Tradition
Rooted in an axiological critique of traditional research.
Influenced by Karl Marx
Focus on marginalized groups
Examination of power, privilege, and oppression.
All of these are constructed through communication so to solve them we need comm
Seeks to shape the world in the direction of social justice, they are prescriptive theories.
Rhetoric
Views comm as an art, humanistic scholarship. Oldest tradition (500 years BCE)
