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BCN Exam 3 > Epilepsy and Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Epilepsy and Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is epilepsy?

A

Chronic CNS disorders characterized by recurrent seizures

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2
Q

What is a seizure?

A

Sudden, transitory, and uncontrolled episodes of brain dysfunction resulting from abnormal discharge of neuronal cells with associated motor, sensory, and behavioral changes

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3
Q

What is the type of diet used for a child who has a multiple seizure type?

A

Ketogenic: high fat, low glucose

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4
Q

What are the side effects to a ketogenic diet?

A

Kidney stones, weight loss, acidosis, dyslipidemia

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5
Q

What classifies epileptic seizures?

A

Idiopathic and symptomatic

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6
Q

What are the different types of channelopathies?

A

Modification of channel function, activation of second-messenger system that affect channel function , modulation of gene expresion

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7
Q

What are the inherited types of mutations?

A

Voltage or ligand gated ion channels, if simple gene mutations

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8
Q

What are the acquired types of mutations?

A

Auto-immune, changes after seizures

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9
Q

What genes will you see a mutated gene for sodium channels?

A

SCN1A, SCN1B, SCN2A1

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10
Q

What genes will you see a mutated gene for chloride channels?

A

CLCN2A

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11
Q

What types of seizures are associated with chloride channel mutations?

A

Juvenile absence epilepsy, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, epilepsy with grand mal upon awakening

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12
Q

What is kindling?

A

Minor, rapid fire electrical signals happening in succession
Alone they don’t cause a seizure but together they do

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13
Q

Where is a very likely location of a partial seizure?

A

Amygdala and hippocampus (70%)

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14
Q

What are the two main types of stem cell niches in the brain?

A

Subventricular zone and subgranular zone of hippocampus

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15
Q

What is the implication of having less stem cell niches in the brain?

A

Decrease is due to seizures

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16
Q

What area of the hippocampus is susceptible to hypoxia?

A

Cell bodies of CA1

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17
Q

Describe partial seizures.

A

Affects limited areas of the brain, most common type, simple and complex, can spread causing a secondary generalized seizure

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18
Q

What is the defining feature of a simple partial seizure?

A

No cognitive effects

19
Q

What is the defining feature of a complex partial seizure?

A

Loss of awareness

20
Q

What type of partial seizure will you see from the frontal region?

A

Motor, bizarre, brief, nocturnal

21
Q

What type of partial seizure will you see from the temporal region?

A

Fear, amnesia, automatism

22
Q

What type of partial seizure will you see from the parietal region?

A

Somato-sensory, dizziness

23
Q

What type of partial seizure will you see from the occipital region?

A

Visual, often propagate with false localization

24
Q

Where is a seizure likely to spread through from one hemisphere to another ?

A

Anterior commisure

25
Q

What are the characteristics of a simple partial seizure (Jacksonian)?

A

Involves one side of brain at onset, focal, motor, sensory, speech disturbances, single limb/muscle group, no alteration of consciousness

26
Q

What type of EEG will you see with simple partials?

A

Excessive synchronized discharge - contralateral discharge

27
Q

What are the characteristics of a complex partial seizure?

A

Produces confusion and inappropriate or dazed behavior, no-reflexive actions, automatism, consciousness impaired/lost

28
Q

What type of EEG will you see with complex partials?

A

Bizarre generalized, anterior temporal lobe focal abnormalities, bilateral

29
Q

What are the generalized seizures?

A

Absence, myoclonic, atonic, tonic, tonic-clonic

30
Q

What are the general characteristics for generalized seizures?

A

Affects both hemispheres, more common in children

31
Q

What occurs in the tonic phase of a tonic-clonic seizure?

A

Contraction of all muscles which arrests ventilation

32
Q

What does the EEG look like in the tonic phase of tonic-clonic?

A

High rhythmic frequency, high voltage discharge, sustained depolarization

33
Q

What occurs in the clonic phase of a tonic-clonic?

A

Alternating contraction and realization, causing reciprocating movement which could be bilaterally symmetrical or running movements

34
Q

What does the EEG look like in the clonic phase of tonic-clonic?

A

Groups of spikes on the EEG and periodic neuronal depolarization with clusters of action potentials

35
Q

What are absence seizures?

A

Brief and abrupt loss of consciousness, sometimes motor symptoms, symmetric clonic motor activity, short duration but can happen may times a day

36
Q

When to absence seizures usually start?

A

Childhood

37
Q

What is found to be the expect cause of absence seizures?

A

A low threshold Ca2+ current has been found to govern oscillatory response in thalamic neurons

38
Q

What does the EEG look like for an absence seizure?

A

Bilaterally synchronous, high voltage, spike phase with short duration

39
Q

What is a tonic seizures?

A

Motor contractions, loss of consciousness, marked autonomic functions

40
Q

What is an atonic seizure?

A

Loss of postural tone, sagging of the head or falling, may loose consciousness

41
Q

What is a clonic seizures?

A

Rhythmic clonic contractions of all muscles, loss of consciousness and marked autonomic manifestations

42
Q

What is a myoclonic seizure?

A

Isolated clonic jerks associated with brief bursts of multiple spikes in EEG

43
Q

What is an infantile spasm?

A

Fragmented attacks that are usually bilateral, brief recurrent myoclonic jerks of the body w/ sudden flexion/extension of body and limbs

44
Q

Which type of seizure are you likely to see in early childhood?

A

Primary generalized

BCN Exam 3 (8 decks)

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