Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BCN Exam 3 > Cerebellum > Flashcards

Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

The cerebellum is responsible for what 3 things?

A

coordination of movements
posture & balance
tone of muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

posterior end of brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The cerebellum is a derivative of what?

A

Rhombencephalon (part of hindbrain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum? Give their alternative names as well.

A

anterior/paleocerebellum
posterior/neocerebellum
flocculus/archicerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the paleocerebellum responsible for?

A

muscle tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the neocerebellum responsible for?

A

movement coordination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the archicerebellum responsible for?

A

balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Is cerebellar control of the motor system ipsilateral or contralateral?

A

ipsilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe topographic representation along the vermis.

A

Vermis receives motor information from the neck, shoulders, trunk, hips, eyes. Paravermal region receives sensory (particularly regarding motor function) info from the periphery (hands, feet) of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many homunculi are there in the cerebellum?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Damage to the primary motor cortex produces contralateral or ipsilateral motor deficit?

A

contralateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens in the prefrontal lobe?

A

have idea to do something, but motor system is not activated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens in the premotor area?

A

receive idea to do something from prefrontal lobe; receives motor program from basal ganglia (after it passes through thalamus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens in the basal ganglia?

A

receives info about movement; get motor program

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens in the primary motor, secondary motor, and somatosensory areas?

A

receive motor program

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do corticospinal fibers do, broadly speaking?

A

travel, fire, and cause muscle contraction (movement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does CNS know initial position of body (necessary to get to final position)?

A

proprioception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What test can you do to check for working proprioception, which is necessary for movement coordination?

A

have patient touch index fingers in front of chest when eyes are closed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The cerebellum is a massive collector of what?

A

information (constantly updated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The cerebellum is a massive collector of what?

A

information (constantly updated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Is the cerebellum responsible for conscious or unconscious movement?

A

unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What 2 structures in the brain are responsible for movement?

A

basal ganglia & cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What type of information does the cerebellum receive regarding movement?

A

info for intended movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What structure gives the cerebellum the movement plan?

A

cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

After the cerebellum receives the movement plan what happens?

A

movement begins: muscle contracts, spindles (sensory) fire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Once firing begins in the body and ligaments, tendons, joints, golgi, etc. fire, what happens?

A

copy of the movement plan is sent to cerebellum telling it how the movement is being carried out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What happens in the absence of cerebellar function?

A

no rapid start of movement or termination of movement; lack image & awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Are fibers the enter the cerebellum excitatory or inhibitory?

A

excitatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What types of fibers enter the cerebellum?

A

mossy & climbing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Where do mossy fibers come from?

A

everywhere but the inferior olive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where do climbing fibers come from?

A

inferior olive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Does the lateral part of the cerebellum contain a homunculus?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What neurotransmitter is associated with climbing fibers?

A

aspartate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What neurotransmitter is associated with mossy fibers?

A

glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What neurotransmitter is associated with purkinje fibers?

A

GABA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the layers of the cerebellum, beginning with the outermost?

A

molecular - purkinje - granular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What type of fibers activate the deep nuclei of the cerebellum? Name their associated neurotransmitters.

A

mossy fibers (glutamate) & climbing fibers (aspartate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What inhibits the deep nuclei of the cerebellum, and how?

A

purkinje cells via GABA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How are deep nuclei of the cerebellum activated?

A

directly via climbing or mossy fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How are deep nuclei or the cerebellum indirectly inhibited by climbing fibers?

A

One climbing fiber will ascend to the molecular level near the cerebellar cortex, where it will stimulate stimulate the dendrites of one purkinje cell. Activated purkinje cells release GABA onto deep nuclei, inhibiting them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How are deep nuclei of the cerebellum indirectly inhibited by climbing fibers?

A

One climbing fiber will ascend to the molecular level near the cerebellar cortex, where it will stimulate stimulate the dendrites of one purkinje cell. Activated purkinje cells release GABA onto deep nuclei, inhibiting them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How many purkinje cells do climbing cells stimulate?

A

one each

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How many purkinje cells do mossy cells stimulate?

A

one mossy cell can stimulate many purkinje cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Which fibers directly stimulate purkinje cells?

A

climbing fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Which fibers indirectly & diffusely stimulate purkinje cells?

A

mossy fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How are deep nuclei of the cerebellum indirectly inhibited by mossy fibers at the granular level?

A

Mossy fibers stimulate granular cells, which then sends axons to the molecular level, after which they travel to the cerebellar cortex, where they bifurcate and travel long distances all along the cortex, connecting w/ millions of purkinje cells along the way.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Which fibers terminate at the granular level?

A

mossy fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Are golgi cells excitatory or inhibitory? What do they act upon?

A

inhibitory; granular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Describe the 2 ways in which golgi cells may operate.

A

Mossy cell can directly stimulate the golgi cell in the granular layer to inhibit the granular cell via the release of GABA OR it can stimulate the granular cell, whose fibers at the molecular level stimulate the axon of the golgi cell, which is also in the molecular level, which then sends signals to the golgi cell body residing in the granular level to release GABA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Where are basket and stellate cells located?

A

molecular level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Where are basket and stellate cells located?

A

molecular level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Are basket and stellate cells excitatory or inhibitory?

A

inhibitory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is the purpose of stellate and excitatory cells?

A

to sharpen stimulation of a particular purkinje cell by dampening the the purkinje cells surrounding it, thus enhancing the stimulated cell’s neuronal signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Where do mossy fibers terminate?

A

flocculus/archicerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Via what nerve/fibers does the vestibular apparatus send information to the brainstem?

A

vestibular nerve (via CN VIII)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Describe what happens to vestibular fibers after they leave the vestibular apparatus.

A

they either go directly to the cerebellum or indirectly to the vestibular nuclei and then the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What happens to vestibular fibers after they reach the cerebellum?

A

Fibers in the cerebellum go to the cortex, then stimulate the deep nuclei of the cerebellum, which send fibers to the vestibular complex. From here they then either descend as the vestibulospinal tract or ascend as the MLF.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What happens to vestibular fibers after they reach the cerebellum?

A

Fibers in the cerebellum go to the cortex, then stimulate the deep nuclei of the cerebellum, which send fibers to the vestibular complex. From here they then either descend as the vestibulospinal tract or ascend as the MLF.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Describe the purpose of the vestibulospinal tract.

A

keeps balance by activating extensor muscle (anti-gravity muscles) tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Describe the purpose of the MLF.

A

internal connections of brainstem nuclei (CN III, IV, VI) created by this tract are responsible for eye movements that compensate for head movement to maintain gaze

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What important structures are found in the spinocerellum?

A

vermis & paravermal area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What does the spinocerebellum do?

A

brings info from trunk & limbs to cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Which spinocerebellar tract is responsible for the lower limbs?

A

dorsal spinocerebellar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Which spinocerebellar tract is responsible for the upper limbs?

A

cuneocerebellar

65
Q

What is the feedback pathway between the red nucleus and cerebellum? What is this tract called?

A

Red nucleus projects to cerebellum via synapse in inferior olivary nucleus (rubro-olivary projections). Cerebellum projects back to red nucleus from interposed nuclei. This is the rubrospinal tract.

66
Q

Give a brief description of how fibers from/in the spine, cerebellum, and thalamus work together to produce movement.

A

Spinocerebellar fibers carrying information about the body ascend to the cerebellum. From the cerebellum, rubrocerebellar fibers take information to the thalamus for processing in the cerebral cortex. Corticospinal fibers descend to the body, telling it what to do/how to move.

67
Q

Give a brief description of how fibers from/in the spine, cerebellum, and thalamus work together to produce movement.

A

Spinocerebellar fibers carrying information about the body ascend to the cerebellum. From the cerebellum, rubrocerebellar fibers take information to the thalamus for processing in the cerebral cortex. Corticospinal fibers descend to the body, telling it what to do/how to move.

68
Q

Which deep nuclei of the cerebellum send fibers to the red nucleus? Where do these fibers come from?

A

globus & eboliform nuclei; fibers are fired off from purkinje cells

69
Q

Where do you find deep cerebellar nuclei?

A

embedded in white matter at center of cerebellum

70
Q

What type of input do deep cerebellar nuclei receive?

A

GABAergic inputs from purkinje cells in cerebellar cortex & excitatory inputs from mossy & climbing pathways

71
Q

From where do most output fibers of the cerebellum originate?

A

deep cerebellar nuclei

72
Q

Name the deep cerebellar nuclei.

A

dentate, emboliform, globose, fastigii

73
Q

Where are each of the deep cerebellar nuclei located, related to the cerebellar lobes?

A

cerebrocerebellum - dentate nucleus
spinocerebellum - globus & emboliform nuclei (aka interposed nuclei)
archicerebellum - fastigii nucleus

74
Q

What is the lateral part of the lateral hemispheres called?

A

neocerebellum

75
Q

What happens at the neocerebellum?

A

cerebral & cerebellar cortices communicate

76
Q

The intention to make moves involves what kind of fibers?

A

corticopontocerebellar

77
Q

Are corticopontine fibers crossed?

A

yes

78
Q

Are corticopontine fibers crossed?

A

yes

79
Q

Define dysmetria.

A

inability to accurately control range of movement in muscular acts

80
Q

Define dysdiadochokinesia.

A

inability to perform rapidly alternating movements

81
Q

Define dysarthria.

A

difficulty articulating words due to emotional stress or paralysis, incoordination, or spasticity of muscles used in speaking

82
Q

Kinetic tremor is another name for what?

A

intention tremor

83
Q

Define titubation.

A

tremor of head & sometimes neck; staggering, stumbling gait

84
Q

Which lobe does not really involve the brain?

A

flocculonodular

85
Q

Motor execution involves which nuclei?

A

fastigial (vermis) & interposed nucleus (paravermal region)

86
Q

Medial descending systems project from which nucleus?

A

fastigial nucleus

87
Q

Lateral descending systems project from which nucleus?

A

interposed nucleus

88
Q

Motor planning involves which nucleus?

A

dentate nucleus (cerebrocerebellum)

89
Q

Projections to motor & premotor cortices come from which deep cerebellar nucleus?

A

dentate nucleus

90
Q

Which part of the cerebellum is responsible for balance and eye movements? Which nuclei are involved?

A

vestibulocerebellum; vestibular nuclei

91
Q

What fibers are bundled with the corticopontocerebellar tract as it travels through the middle cerebellar peduncle to get to the cerebellum?

A

corticospinal & corticobulbar

92
Q

The inferior cerebellar tract receives what _______ fibers from ________________.

A

…climbing…inferior olive…

93
Q

Which cerebellar peduncle mainly deals with cerebellar output?

A

superior

94
Q

Which cerebellar peduncle mainly deals with cerebellar input?

A

inferior

95
Q

Name the afferent pathways associated with the superior cerebellar peduncle.

A

ventral spinocerebellar tract, trigeminocerebellar tract, cerulocerebellar tract

96
Q

Name the efferent pathways associated with the superior cerebellar peduncle.

A

dentatorubrothalamic tract, interpositorubrothalamic tract, fastigiothalamic tract, fastigiovestibular tract

97
Q

What structures are associated with the inferior cerebellar peduncle?

A

restform body & juxtarestiform body

98
Q

What fibers will you find at the restiform body?

A

afferent: dorsal spinocerebellar tract, cuneocerebellar tract, & olivocerebellar tract

99
Q

What fibers will you find at the juxtarestiform body?

A

afferent & efferent: vestibulocerebellar fibers & cerebellovestibular fibers

100
Q

What is the main purpose of purkinje cells?

A

they decide which information gets transmitted to cerebral cortex and which does not

101
Q

Describe disinhibition.

A

not having purkinje cell fire at a particular time (inhibit the inhibitor)

102
Q

All regions of the cerebral cortex project to ______ via __________.

A

…pontine relay nuclei…internal capsule…

103
Q

Pontine relay nuclei relay input to _________ posterior cerebellar cortex via __________.

A

…contralateral…middle cerebellar peduncle mossy fibers…

104
Q

Do cerebellar lesions manifest ipsilaterally or contralaterally?

A

ipsilaterally

105
Q

Do cerebellar lesions manifest ipsilaterally or contralaterally?

A

ipsilaterally

106
Q

Describe the crossing of fibers starting from the dentate nucleus all the way to the spinal cord.

A

Dentate nucleus fibers cross in decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle to reach contralateral red nucleus. Corticospinal tract crosses back again at pyramidal decussation. Double crossing occurs ABOVE spinal cord, leading to ipsilateral deficits in body at the occurance of a cerebellar lesion.

107
Q

Dorsal spinocerebellar & cuneocerebellar tracts enter the _______ cerebellar peduncle to get to the _______ cortex to project to the __________.

A

…inferior…paramedian…interposed nuclei…

108
Q

Afferent fibers involved with output to the spinal cord come from what?

A

vestibular receptors & vermis in fastigial nucleus

109
Q

Efferent fibers involved with output to the spinal cord are in which tracts?

A

reticulospinal tract & vestibulospinal tract

110
Q

What is the general role of the reticular formation regarding the cerebellum?

A

rapid response; facilitates actions to react quickly to perturbation

111
Q

What NT transmitters are involved with the reticular formation? From where do they originate?

A

NE from locus ceruleus & serotonin from raphe complex

112
Q

What do the NT of the reticular formation do in tandem with the cerebellum?

A

reflect mood through posture & movements

113
Q

Do vestibular fibers reach the cerebral cortex?

A

no

114
Q

Why does the inferior olive receive input from all senses?

A

want cerebellum to compare intention/thought (corticopontocerebellar tract) with reality (sensory info from inferior olive) in order to know which (movement) corrections to make

115
Q

What types of fibers are primarily active when learning a new motor task?

A

climbing

116
Q

How does motor learning work?

A

utilize climbing fibers when learning a new motor task; do this action long enough and it becomes imprinted as a learned motor task

117
Q

Input from the vestibular system contains information regarding what?

A

position of head in space & regulation of extensor muscles

118
Q

Describe the pathway of vestibulospinal & reticulospinal tracts/

A

vermal cortex -> fastigial nucleus -> fastigoreticulovestibular pathway -> vestibulospinal tract

119
Q

What does the rubrospinal tract facilitate?

A

flexor responses in upper limb

120
Q

Name cerebellar signs (of dysfunction).

A

ataxia, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia, ipsilateral decrease in stretch reflexes, asthenia, intention tremor, nystagmus

121
Q

How does the water test work for nystagmus?

A

COWS - cold opposite, warm same

example - put warm water in right ear & you will see a right beat nystagmus

122
Q

How does the water test work for nystagmus?

A

COWS - cold opposite, warm same

example - put warm water in right ear & you will see a right beat nystagmus

123
Q

What divides the anterior and posterior lobes?

A

primary fissure

124
Q

What is the folium?

A

smallest folding; contains all 3 cortical layers, reaches into white matter

125
Q

What is the clinical signficance of the cerebellar tonsil?

A

it can herniate through the foramen magnum

126
Q

What is the order of the deep cerebellar nuclei, laterally to medially?

A

dentate nucleus, emboliform nucleus, globose nucleus, fastigial nucleus

127
Q

Which part of the cerebellum is the dentate nucleus associated with?

A

hemisphere

128
Q

Which part of the cerebellum are the emboliform & globose nuclei associated with?

A

paravermal region

129
Q

Which part of the cerebellum is the fastigial nucleus associated with?

A

vermis

130
Q

What inputs will you find in the vermis?

A

visual, auditory, vestibular, spinal, trigeminal

131
Q

What inputs will you find in the paravermal region?

A

spinal, trigeminal

132
Q

What inputs will you find in the lateral hemisphere?

A

corticopontine

133
Q

What inputs will you find in the archicerebellum?

A

corticopontine & vestibular

134
Q

Describe the pathway of output from the dentate nucleus.

A

output bypasses the red nucleus to go directly to the thalamus

135
Q

Which nucleus/nuclei sends/send fibers to the red nucleus?

A

interposed nucleus

136
Q

Does the reticular formation send fibers ipsilaterally or contralaterally to the cerebellar cortex?

A

ipsilaterally

137
Q

Name the structures involved with the ventral spinocerebellar tract.

A

mossy fibers, Golgi tendon organ, superior cerebellar peduncle, anterior lobe

138
Q

Name the structures involved with the dorsal spinocerebellar tract.

A

muscle spindles, lower limbs, inferior cerebellar peduncle, nucleus dorsalis of Clarke

139
Q

Name the structures involved with the cuneocerebellar tract.

A

muscle spindles, upper limbs, inferior cerebellar peduncle, accessory cuneate nucleus, posterior lobe

140
Q

Describe corticopontine pathways.

A

fibers from frontal, parietal, & temporal lobes -> deep pontine nucleus -> fibers to contralateral cerebellar hemispheres

141
Q

Describe cortical feedback.

A

dentate nucleus sends fibers to thalamus, then cerebral cortex; then get fibers sent down to tell body what to do

142
Q

Describe the cerebellar/red nucleus pathway.

A

nucleus of Clarke -> contralateral red nucleus -> spinal cord & ipsilateral inferior olive -> contralateral cerebellum

143
Q

What do you look for in cerebellar ataxia?

A

dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia, gait ataxia

144
Q

Describe hypotonia.

A

Low muscle tone; loss of excitation to lateral vestibular nucleus (from fastigial nucleus) leads to loss of excitatory input to spinal cord motor neurons. With knee jerk reflex, leg oscillates 6-8 times before coming to rest.

145
Q

Describe dystonia.

A

sustained muscle contractions of limb, axial, or cranial voluntary muscles; see abnormal posture, repetitive/twisting movements

146
Q

Cerebellar nystagmus may be caused by a lesion to either the _________ or the _______.

A

…vermal region…fastigial nucleus

147
Q

Cerebellar disorders of the paravermal region include?

A

hypotonia

148
Q

Cerebellar disorders of the vermal/midline region include?

A

nystagmus, unsteady gait, truncal dystaxia posteriorly, leg dystaxia anteriorly

149
Q

Cerebellar disorders of the hemisphere include?

A

asynergia, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia, intentional tremor

150
Q

What type of tumor might you find in the vermal/midline region of the cerebellum?

A

medulloblastoma

151
Q

What type of tumor might you find in the hemispheric region of the cerebellum?

A

astrocytoma

152
Q

What type of tumor might you find in the hemispheric region of the cerebellum?

A

astrocytoma

153
Q

What kind of fibers are axons that arise from granular cells and bifurcate in the molecular layer perpendicular to the parasagittal plane?

A

parallel fibers

154
Q

Definine disinhibition.

A

release of inhibition

155
Q

Which pathway is involved with disinhibition?

A

Golgi cell to granule cell pathway

156
Q

Describe feedback inhibition involving golgi & granular cells.

A

mossy fiber stimulates granular cell, sending signal up parallel fibers that activate the golgi cell, which inhibits the granular cell

157
Q

Describe feed forward inhibition involving golgi & granular cells.

A

mossy fiber directly stimulates golgi cell, which then inhibits granular cell

158
Q

What syndrome has the overall net effect of lowering overall intellectual function?

A

cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome

BCN Exam 3 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions