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community midterm > Epidemiology and Evidenced Based Practice > Flashcards

Epidemiology and Evidenced Based Practice Flashcards

1
Q

define epidemiology

A

study of Distribution and Determinants of health and illness in human populations for the purpose of controlling disease and health problems

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2
Q

what does the term Distribution mean r/t epidemiology

A

spread (who, what, where, when of diseases)

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3
Q

what does the term Determinants mean r/t epidemiology

A

the why of diseases

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4
Q

current epidemiological news today

A

Zika virus

HPV vaccine

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5
Q

Distribution r/t the Zika virus

A 
Who = host = pregnant women, men (sexual partners)
What = flaki virus
When = hottest times of year when mosquito's are most prevalent
Where =  S. America, Florida, Caribbean (demographics)
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6
Q

Determinant r/t the Zika virus

A

Why (care?) = causes microcephaly

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7
Q

Distribution r/t HPV vaccine

A

Who - women 14-34 years of age
What - human papillomavirus
When - adolescence
Where - America

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8
Q

Determinant r/t HPV vaccine

A

Why - decreased risk of HPV infection

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9
Q

who is John Snow

A

soldier against disease (Cholera) in the mid 1800’s in England

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10
Q

what did John Snow do?

A

asked people who was dying, where, what they were dying of and when it was all occurring

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11
Q

who is known as the father of public health/epidemiology

A

John Snow

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12
Q

noxious miasma theory

A

“pig pen” dirty, poor people theory

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13
Q

what is cholera

A

a water born disease, bacterial

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14
Q

taking the pump handle of means

A

getting to the source/issue

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15
Q

epidemiological triad

A

agent (disease process/cholera)
host
environment
these factors interacting cause disease

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16
Q

wheel of causation

A

inner circle - genetic core
middle circle - host
outer circle - biologic, social, physical environment

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17
Q

web of causation helps to

A

determine the why (determinant)

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18
Q

primary prevention

A

promote health before disease/behavior occurs

eg: Teen Pregnancy (condoms, pill); Vaccines (flu)

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19
Q

secondary prevention

A

state of disease - not interventions
eg: Teen Pregnancy (screening for preg. itself); HIV tested; assessing, interviewing, identify people (domestic violence)

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20
Q

tertiary prevention

A

preventing death/disability from disease state

eg: Teen Pregnancy (prenatal care)

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21
Q

define endemic

A

usual presence of disease within a geographic area

flu virus is endemic to North-Eastern U.S. in winter

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22
Q

define epidemic

A

significant increase in number of cases of a disease (beyond endemic)

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23
Q

define pandemic

A

an epidemic affecting multiple countries/regions of the world

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24
Q

define common source outbreak

A

exposure to a common, harmful substance

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25
Q

define propagated outbreak

A

transmission of infectious agent from one person to the next

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26
Q

how to calculate rates

A

Events measured (infant deaths) are in the Numerator
All who could have died are in the Denominator
Specific period of time must be indicated
Multiply by base (multiple of 10)

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27
Q

what is a crude rate

A

occurrence of a health problem in a community at a certain time

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28
Q

what is an adjusted rate

A

adjust for the effected (gender, ethnicity) - removes differences in populations

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29
Q

***what is relative risk ratio

A

your chances of getting disease if exposed

incidence rate in an exposed group vs the non-exposed group:ratio

30
Q

define ratio

A

fraction representing relationship between 2 numbers

31
Q

define rate

A

state of health in a specific group of people in a given time period - measurement

32
Q

rate calculation

A

number of events in a population at a specific period/total population

33
Q

crude mortality rate calculation

A

number of deaths occurring in 1 yr/midyear population

34
Q

cause specific mortality rate calculation

A

number of deaths from a stated cause (cardiovascular disease) in 1 yr/midyear population

35
Q

age specific mortality rate calculation

A

number of people in a specific age group (ages 5-15) dying in 1 yr/midyear population of the specific age group

36
Q

infant mortality rate calculation

A

number of death under 1 yr of age in 1 yr/number of live births in the same year

37
Q

infant mortality rate is used as greatest indicator of health in certain country, t or f

A

true - reflects how healthy Mom is

38
Q

define incidence rates

A

new cases in a community

39
Q

define prevalence

A

who already has it - number of existing cases

40
Q

*define sensitivity

A

true positive - ability of a test to find those that have a disease

41
Q

*define specificity

A

true negatives - ability of a test to find those who truly do not have a disease

42
Q

term for incidence rate in exposed group and the incidence rate in the non-exposed group

A

relative risk ratio

43
Q

West Nile Virus is endemic to summer time in North Eastern U.S., T or F

A

True

44
Q

Malaria is endemic to Ecuadorian parts of the world, T or F

A

True

45
Q

host factor that influences peoples malarial infections

A

**genetic traits - sickle cell trait is protective against malaria

46
Q

secondary prevention of tuberculosis

A

PPD plus chest x-ray (white infiltrates)

47
Q

primary prevention of tuberculosis

A

vaccine or PPE (personal protective equipment, masks) - will get positive PPD

48
Q

is PPD sensitive or specific

A

sensitive; chest x-ray is specific

49
Q

Tertiary prevention of tuberculosis

A

rifampin and INH

50
Q

what are behavior change models

A

models that assist clients, groups and communities to redirect activities toward health and wellness

51
Q

how many behavior change models are there

A

3

52
Q

what are the 3 behavior change models

A

learning model
health belief model
trans-theoretical model

53
Q

what is the learning model

A

people do things that reward them - incremental steps towards a final goal

54
Q

what is the health belief model

A

Cues (r/t smoking) - friends/drinking
Barriers - friends do it/habit
Benefits - lower risk for lung cancer

55
Q

what is the trans-theoretical model (weight loss, smoking)

A

Precontemplation - grandma smoked never got lung cxr, lived forever
Contemplation - know I need to stop smoking, but its working for me right now
Preparation - quitting on sons birthday
Action - i quit yesterday
Maintenance - I’ve been sober for 6 months
Relapse - I just used again after being sober for 6 months

56
Q

when asking questions to find (smokers) you are doing which type of prevention

A

Secondary prevention - to intervene at an early stage of disease

57
Q

what is motivational interviewing***

A

Client-centered communication to elicit change
helps clients explore/resolve ambivalence to change
ADDRESSES AMBIVALENCE
move from pre-contemplation to contemplation

58
Q

“motivation for change occurs when people perceive a discrepancy between where they are and where they want to be” T or F

A

True

59
Q

descriptive studies describe

A

Distribution - disease according to person, place, time

summarizes health event

60
Q

analytic studies investigate

A

Determinant - causes and associations between factors (the why)

61
Q

cohort studies look at (analytic)

A

graduates of nursing school from a certain year(s), follows them for life

62
Q

cross-sectional studies look at (analytic)

A

cross - section of student population right now, assess for (risky behaviors/smoking..)

63
Q

retrospective studies look at (analytic)

A

incidence of disease process in a specific year (looking back)

64
Q

analytical studies are trying to find

A

causation - the why

65
Q

2 types of analytical studies

A

Cohort studies - following over a period of time

Case-Control studies - retrospective

66
Q

golden standard of research studies

A

experimental designs

67
Q

2 categories of experimental designs

A 
preventative intervention (primary) - before exposure to disease, tests and intervention
Therapeutic intervention (secondary) - those currently experiencing disease, testing interventions
68
Q

best way for you to know research is valid

A

having a control group

69
Q

elisa HIV

A

specific

70
Q

western blot HIV

A

sensitive - start off with

community midterm (14 decks)

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