Epidemiology and Clinical microbiology

Question 1

what are emerging and reemerging pathogens

Answer 1

• new viral diseases and bacteria and pathogens
• increase of bacteria resistant to multiple commonly used antibiotics

Question 2

what is systemic epidemiology

Answer 2

• ecological and social factors that influence the development of these diseases

Question 3

what is a nosocomial infection or health care associated infection

Answer 3

• infections aquired while obtaining health care
• health care workers at work
• hospital infections can arise from many sources

Question 4

what is the first control measure to help control and prevent epidemics

Answer 4

1. reduce or eliminate the source of reservoir or infection. this can be done through isolation of carriers (quarantine) physical distancing, destruction of known animal or arthropod reservoirs of infection, treatment of water and sweage or therapy that reduces the infectivity of carriers

Question 5

what is the second control method to help prevent and control pandemics

Answer 5

2. more permanant change to seperate the source and the population to be protected, break the connection needed for infection transfers. This can be done through systemic changes such as water chlorination, improve sanitization, pasteurization of beverages, systemic food inspection guildlines
   - destruction of vectors

Question 6

what is the third method to help prevent or control a pandemic

Answer 6

3. reduce the number of susceptible individuals within the population. this can be done by raising herd immunity by immunization. with some infectious microorgamisns, prophylactic treatment to render individual temporaally resistant infection can be used

Question 7

what are vaccines

Answer 7

• present antigens of pathogen into individuals immune system, in the absense of dangers of the live and virulent infectious agant
• induce antibodies and activated T cells to protect against that pathogen
• provides protection from infection of the pathogen

Question 8

what is a whole cell vaccine

Answer 8

• use entire organism (viral or bacterial) as the vaccine. the pathogen is inactivated (killed vaccine ) or attenuated (live but avirulent)
• less effectine in generating a sustained immune response and often require several boosters

Question 9

what is a subunit vaccine

Answer 9

• only use a purified portion of a pathogen
  1. capsular polysaccharide
  2. recombinant surface antigens (proteins)
  3. inactuvated exotoxins. inactivated toxins used as a vaccine component are toxoids. the tetanus vaccine is a toxoid

Question 10

what are recombinant vector or DNA vaccines

Answer 10

• ## cloning the genes encoding the proteins of the pathogens that are going to be tageted by the immune system

Question 11

recombinant vector

Answer 11

• the gene is cloned into replicating micro-organism and the live organism is transferred to the recipient

Question 12

DNA vaccine

Answer 12

• directly inject DNa which is carrying genes that encode a target protein antigen into the patients cells
• one in the host muscle cell, the host cell transcribes the DNA in a transient manner expresses encoede proteins inducing the immune response

Question 13

what is bioterrorism

Answer 13

• the intentional or threatened use of viruses, bacteria fungi or toxins from living organims to produce death or disease in humans, animals or plants

Question 14

what is clinical microbiology

Answer 14

• medical microbilogy
• isolation and characterization of infectious organisms so they can be managed or treated in patients, and is the primary site for the diagnosis of human infectious disease

Question 15

what are the two mahor goals in a microbiology lab are

Answer 15

1. rapid and accurate identification of pathogens from clinical specimens
2. antimicrobial susceptability testing of the identified organisms

Question 16

what are the 9 labratory microbioligy practices

Answer 16

1. wash hands after working with potentially hazardous materials and before leaving lab
   2.no eating, drinking, smoking, appling contacts, cosmetic application and storing food
2. mouth pipetting
3. follow policies on handling sharps
4. minimal splashes or aerosols
5. appropriate disinfection cleaning should splashes occur
6. all cultures must be disposed of properly when done
7. biohazardous sign
8. report injuries

Question 17

the clinic specimen shoudl

Answer 17

• represent the diseased area
• be of sufficient quantity
• avoid contamination
• be collected in appropriate contianers
• be obtained before registration of antimicrobial agents to patient

Question 18

why can antibodies responde negatively

Answer 18

• blood sample was taken too soon after infection and antibody response has not been developed
• patient was immunocomprimised
• patient mounted an immune repsonse
• patient evaded immune response

Question 19

what is serotyping

Answer 19

• given identified pathogen into specific serotypes based on antigens being recognized by characterized antibodies raised against different known stereotypes)

Question 20

what is agglutination

Answer 20

• reactions that can help with diagnostic of disease

Question 21

what is hemagglutination

Answer 21

• red blood cells clumping