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PMPH > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Epidemiology

A

The study of populations in order to determine the burden – frequency, distribution and trends of disease

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2
Q

What are the major roles of epidemiology

A

Monitor infectious and non-infectious diseases​

Study natural history of diseases​

Investigation of disease risk factors​

Health care needs assessment​

Development of preventive programmes​

Evaluation of interventions​

Health Service planning

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3
Q

What is epidemiology necessary for

A

To allow appropriate planning of health services

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4
Q

What are the three main types of epidemiological study

A

Descriptive (observational) ​

Analytic (observational) ​
-Case-control​
-Cohort​

Intervention / experimental

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5
Q

How is disease frequency measured

A

Prevelance
Incidence

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6
Q

What is prevelance

A

A measurement of all individuals affected by the disease within a particular period of time or point in time​

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7
Q

What is incidence

A

Incidence is a measurement of the number of new individuals who contract a disease during a particular period of time

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8
Q

What is the prevelance and incidence of diabetes vs common cold

A

Diabetes:
High prevelance (because the prevalence is the cumulative sum of past year incidence rates)
Low incidence

Cold:
Low prevelance
High incidence (because many people get a cold each year, but few people actually have a cold at any given time)

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9
Q

What are the advantages of studying samples and not whole populations

A

reduces no. of individuals to be sampled​

reduces cost​

higher response rate​

higher quality of information collected

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10
Q

What is a systemic sample

A

indivs. selected at regular intervals from population list

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11
Q

What is a stratified sample

A

ensures small sub-groups adequately represented​

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12
Q

What is a cluster sample

A

use of groups as sampling units, e.g. school classes

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13
Q

What is multi-stage sampling

A

Combines multiple sampling techniques

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14
Q

What are some sampling techniques

A

Simple random sample ​

Systematic sample​

Stratified sample​

Cluster sample​

Multi-stage sampling

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15
Q

What are common erroes in survey methodology

A

Sampling bias / selection bias​

Response bias / information bias​

Measurement error​

Observer variation (intra- or inter-)​

Loss to follow-up

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16
Q

What are the properties of an ideal index

A

clear, unambiguous, not subjective​

ideally correspond with clinically important stages of the disease​

indicate treatment need​

within the ability of examiners​

reproducible​

not time-consuming​

acceptable to patient​

amenable to statistical analysis​

allow comparison with other studies

17
Q

What are limitations of the DMF index

A

Teeth extracted for reasons other than caries

Influenced by access, e.g. interproximal surface​

Difficulty in differentiating fissure-sealant from restorations – underestimate caries​

Influenced by past disease activity​

Threshold criteria of disease can vary (must specify)​

Cannot be used for root caries

18
Q

What is very early stages of decay

A

Sub-clinical decay

19
Q

What is early stage of decay

A

Decay in enamel (visible)

20
Q

What is established decay

A

Decay in dentine (visible)

21
Q

What is severe decay

A

Pulpal decay

22
Q

What is BASCD

A

British Association for the Study of Community Dentistry​

23
Q

What does SHBDEP stand for

A

Scottish Health Boards’ Dental Epidemiological Programme​

24
Q

What replaced SHBDEP

A

National dental inspection programme (NDIP)

25
Q

What does the NDIP aim to inform

A

parents of their child’s dental health status (Basic NDIP) ​

advise Scottish Government, NHS Boards, and other organisations of the oral disease prevalence in children in their area (Detailed NDIP – Epidemiology survey)

26
Q

What does NDIP target

A

Children in P1 and P7

27
Q

What is the NDIP basic

A

Offered to every child in P1 and P7 classes of local authority schools every year​

Proportion of school rolls inspected 85-90%​

Generates letter to parent​

Overall state of dental health of child​

Conveys degree of urgency with which appointment for attendance at dentist suggested for child​

Not a detailed examination of each surface of each tooth

28
Q

What is the detailed NDIP

A

more rigorous and comprehensive assessment ​

Calibration of examiners​

records status of each tooth surface in accordance with international epidemiological conventions (i.e. d3mft: caries into dentine)​

Uses same clinical inspection criteria as SHBDEP ​

can therefore look at trends from 1987 re P1 children ​

29
Q

What are the specific goals of NDIP

A

to inspect a representative sample of the P1 or P7 LA school population in any year​

to determine current levels of established tooth decay ​

to illustrate the impact of deprivation on the dental health of 5 & 11 year old children in Scotland

30
Q

What does TF4 mean

A

Flurosis index (high levels of flurosis)

31
Q

What is the IOTN

A

Index of orthodontic treatment need

32
Q

What is the purpose of the IOTN

A

Assesses need and eligibility of children for NHS orthodontic treatment on dental health grounds ​

Selects those children who will benefit most from treatment; fair way to prioritise limited NHS resources ​

33
Q

When would a child be eligible for NHS orthodontic treatment

A

Above or equal to Grade 3 dental health component and high aesthetic component

34
Q

What indices are used to identify periodontal disease

A

Plaque indices, e.g.​
- Debris Index (Green & Vermillion, 1960)​
- Plaque Index (Silness & Loe, 1964)​

Gingivitis indices, e.g.​
- Modified Gingival Index (Loe, 1967)​
- Lobene Index (Lobene, 1986)​

Periodontitis indices, e.g.​
- Basic Periodontal Examination (B

PMPH (4 decks)

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