epidemiology

Question 1

epidemiology

Answer 1

1) study of distribution of disease or a physiological condition in human populations
2) factors that influence this distribution
3) also fits it into a consistent philosophy

Question 2

odds ratio

Answer 2

1) greater than one has a positive association

Question 3

prevalence

Answer 3

1) total number of cases in a papulation at a given time

Question 4

incidence

Answer 4

1) a number of new cases that occur in a population over time1

Question 5

outbreak

Answer 5

1) sudden occurrence of a disease in a community which has never experienced before

Question 6

epidemic

Answer 6

1) widespread occurrence in a community at a particular time

Question 7

pandemic

Answer 7

worldwide epidemic

Question 8

risk factor

Answer 8

1) characteristic that places an individual at increased risk of contracting a disease

Question 9

risk indicator

Answer 9

1) probable risk factor identified through cross sectional studies but not confirmed through longitudinal studies

Question 10

methodological issues

Answer 10

1) examination methods - index systems
2) allow you to exam and score periodontal status of an individual
3) inflammation, plaque, probing depth, CAL, radiographs
4) ex. plaque index, perio index, gingiva index,

Question 11

periodontal index

Answer 11

1) applied to each tooth
2) reversible scoring system
3) 0 healthy - 8 advanced destruction

Question 12

periodontal disease index

Answer 12

1) to assess destructive disease
2) irreversible index
3) applied to 6 teeth
4) 0-6
- 4-6 marks attachment loss

Question 13

big risk factors

Answer 13

1) poor oral hygiene
2) tobacco
3) diabetes
4) genetics

Question 14

poor oral hygiene

Answer 14

1) increase plaque mass or reduced host defense may precipitate episodes of perio destruction
2) observational study
- 8% had rapid progression of perio disease
11% had no progression
8% moderate progression

Question 15

tobacco

Answer 15

1) strongest modifiable predictor of disease
2) 2.7 times more likely to have periodontal disease
3) 19 times more pathogens
4) poor response to period treatment 5)

Question 16

diabetes

Answer 16

1) risk factor
2) two way relationship
3) higher prevalence, extent, and severity of perio disease
4) treatment outcome of well controlled is same as non diabetics

Question 17

genetics as a risk factor

Answer 17

1) classic twin studies show genetics are modifiers of periodontal disease
= up to 50% accounted for by genetics
2) 96% of severe cases have IL-1 genotype or were smokers

Question 18

risk indicators

Answer 18

1) age
- more risk factors over time
2) sex
- men have poorer oral hygiene
3) socioeconomic status
- lower education and lower access to care
4) race
- african american and hispanic
5) obesity
- more cytokine production
6) alcohol
7) stress

Question 19

prevalence of periodontitis

Answer 19

1) one of most widespread among adult americans
2) 67 million have some form
3) leading cause of tooth loss in adults over 45
4) 30-35% off all tooth extraction are due to periodontal disease

Question 20

historical theories of periodontal disease

Answer 20

1) 1960s universal susceptibility
- everyone was susceptible
2) 1965 non specific plaque theory
- accumulation of plaque causes periodontitis
- prophy 2-3 times per year and flossing
3) 1975 bacterial specificity theroy
- only certain bacteria can cause periodontitis
- treatment was the same
4) 1985-current host-bacterial interaction theory
- must have a susceptible host to have disease
- not everyone is at risk

Question 21

disease progression varies from

Answer 21

1) one to another
2) one site to another
3) one type of periodontal disease to another
4) various progression theories

Question 22

continuous progression theroy

Answer 22

1) slow and constant rate through life

Question 23

intermittent progression theory

Answer 23

1) periods of activity and inactivity

Question 24

random burst theroy

Answer 24

1) short periods of destruction of about 4-7 months alternating with short periods of disease inactivity for 4-7 months

Question 25

asynchronous multiple burst theory

Answer 25

multiple bursts of diseased activity occur over short periods followed by indefinite period of remission

Question 26

disease criteria

Answer 26

1) bacteria must be present in virulent form
2) must be organized into biofilms and in the right combination in sufficient numbers
3) susceptible host

Question 27

what are plaque and calculus

Answer 27

1) plaque
- organized mass consisting mainly of microorganisms that adhere to teeth
2) calculus
- hardened plaque with calcium phosphate

Question 28

summary

Answer 28

1) periodontitis is a chronic disease resulting from a complex interplay of bacterial infection and host response, modified by behavior