Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Attack rates

A

document the number of new cases of a disease in those exposed to the disease

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2
Q

Epidemiological triangle

A

the interrelationship between the host, environment, and the method of inquiry to derive an explanation of disease (agent)

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3
Q

Epidemiology

A

the study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in the human population

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4
Q

incidence rate

A

the occurrence of NEW cases of the disease

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5
Q

How do you calculate the incidence rate?

A

New cases / population at risk at the time

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6
Q

Morbidity rate

A

rate of illness

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7
Q

mortality rate

A

rate of death

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8
Q

prevalence rate

A

the number of all cases of a specific disease or condition

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9
Q

calculate prevalence

A

total number of people with disease / the total population

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10
Q

risk

A

the probability of an adverse event

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11
Q

risk factor

A

variables that increase the rate of disease in people who have them

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12
Q

screening

A

to identify factors and disease in their earliest stage

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13
Q

screening programs

A

community health nurses devote a large portion of their work activities to preforming physical examinations, promoting client self-examinations or conducting screening programs in schools, clinics, or community settings

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14
Q

surveillance

A

a mechanism for the ongoing collection of community health information

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15
Q

Epidemiology

A

study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in human population

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16
Q

what is the main goal of epidemiology

A

○ Describe disease patterns.
○ Identify the etiological factors (what causes the disease)
○ Take the MOST effective preventative measures

17
Q

Person-place-time model

A

organized epidemiologist’s investigations of the disease pattern in the community

18
Q

disease depends on the environmental conditions existing at the time of exposure

A

biological
social
political
physical environment

19
Q

Models look at the human to environmental interactions.
● Stress the multiplicity of host and environmental interactions have developed, and understanding of the disease has progressed
● Useful for analysis of chronic diseases with multiple interrelated factors
● Useful for identifying risk factors

A

Wheel Model + Web model

20
Q

Point prevalence

A

when prevalence rates describe the number of people w the disease at a specific point in time

21
Q

period prevalence

A

represents the number of existing cases during a specific period or interval of time and includes old cases and new cases

22
Q

calculate attack rate

A

of people who were exposed and became ill /
# of people exposed to illness

23
Q

what can increase prevalent

24
Q

what can decrease the prevalence

A

deaths, cured

25
Specific exposures risk factor
risk factors: cigarette smoke, hypertension, high cholesterol, excessive stress, high noise levels, or an environmental chemical
26
fixed characters risk factor
age, sex, genetic makeup
27
calculate relative risk
the incidence of disease in a population exposed to a risk factor / a population that was not exposed to the same risk factor with the same diease
28
If relative risk is 2 it means
the population exposed is 2x more likely to have the disease compared to population not exposed
29
RR of 1.5
indicates a 50% increase in risk.
30
RR of 1
indicates no excessive risk from exposure.
31
RR of 2
indicates twice the risk.
32
Specific protection
Primary prevention which, Actions aimed at reducing the risk of specific diseases
33
establishing causality
Determining if there is a cause-and-effect relationship between risk factors and disease
34
Multicausation
infectious agents alone is not sufficient to cause disease, the agent must be transmitted within a conducive environment to a susceptible host
35
Will all exposure mean illness
Not all contact with infectious agents leads to an infectious disease